SIX FRACTAL CODES OF LIFE FROM BIOATOMS ATOMIC MASS TO CHROMOSOMES NUMERICAL STANDING WAVES: THREE BREAKTHOUGHS IN ASTROBIOLOGY, CANCERS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The discovery of a simple numerical formula for the projection of all the atomic mass of life-sustaining CONHSP bioatoms leads to the emergence of a set of Nested CODES unifying all the biological, genetic and genomic components by unifying them from bioatoms up to 'to whole genomes. In particular, we demonstrate the existence of a digital meta-code common to the three languages ​​of biology that are RNA, DNA and amino acid sequences. Through this meta-code, genomic and proteomic images appear almost analogous and correlated. The analysis of the textures of these images then reveals a binary code as well as an undulatory code whose analysis on the human genome makes it possible to predict the alternating bands constituting the cariotypes of the chromosomes. The application of these codes to perspectives in astrobiology and the emergence of binary codes and regions of local stability (voting process), whose fractal nature we demonstrate, is illustrated. The fundamental discovery described here will undoubtedly one day constitute a new biomathematic approach to the emergence of living things.

The Vagueness of Proportionality

When considering the term “proportionality,” most people intuitively assume that a quantitative value that can be attached to it. In this chapter, this assumption is questioned. First, the chapter presents empirical evidence that indicates that there is no agreement on a specific numerical formula among IHL experts or military officers. Second, the chapter critically evaluates attempts to create a formula for evaluating proportionality. Third, the chapter discusses the use of “rules of thumb” to reduce the uncertainties of the application of proportionality. We conclude that the principle is inherently vague, and intentionally so. No amount of knowledge or experience can lead to the same results, nor is it the goal of the principle of proportionality to achieve the same results across the board. In this regard, proportionality in IHL is not about numbers so much as it is about ensuring the undertaking of a process that weighs competing interests. The relative weighting to be used in any given case is intentionally left open, beyond the purview of the principle.

Statistical Measures of Location: Mathematical Formula Versus Geometric Approach

Graphical method and mathematical formula are the two approaches for estimating measures of location. Understanding of many instructors of introductory statistics classes are: mean cannot be graphically determined and numerical (formula) approach is more precise than geometrical technique. Contrary to their understanding, this study estimate mean of a dataset geometrically (from histogram) by determining the centroid of histogram drawn from such data set. In addition, we also make known that mathematical formulas for mean, median and mode were derived geometrically (either from ogive or histogram). Finally, the research illustrated the two techniques with a survey data and established that the two approaches produce same results.

Influence of Varying Temperature and Concentration on MHD Peristaltic Transport for Jeffrey Fluid with Variable Viscosity through Porous Channel

The present paper deals with the peristaltic motion of Jeffrey fluid with varying temperature and concentration through a porous medium in a coaxial uniform circular tube. The fluid is assumed to be non-Newtonian, namely Jeffrey fluid. The inner tube is uniform, while the outer flexible tube has a sinusoidal wave traveling down its wall. The analytical formulas of the velocity and temperature have been obtained in terms of the Bessel function of first and second kinds. The numerical formula of the axial velocity, temperature and concentration are obtained as functions of the physical parameters of the problem (Darcy number, magnetic parameter, thermal Grashof number, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number) with other physical parameters are obtained. The Influence of physical parameters of the problem on this formula are discussed numerically and illustrated graphically through a set of figures.

Application of Software in Soil and Groundwater Recharge Estimation in Ilorin, Nigeria

Rainfalls measured in a selected location in Ilorin, Nigeria and standard formula were used to fix the unknown parameters of the new numerical formula using Microsoft Excel Solver. The new numerical formula was used to estimate groundwater recharge from the rainfall. The accuracy of the new numerical formula was evaluated statistically and compared with the previous formulae in use using field groundwater recharge. Correlation between rainfall and estimated groundwater recharge was stablished. Annual cost benefit of groundwater recharge was computed. The study revealed that new formula provided the lowest relative error of 0.001%, the highest MSC of 17.747; the degree of accuracy of 99.999% correlation factor between rainfall and groundwater recharge using the new numerical formula was 0.1612 with correlation coefficient of 0.6079. The average annual cost benefit was1080.24 $ m-2 per year. It was concluded that modeling of groundwater recharge using the new numerical formula is a promising tool for estimating groundwater recharge with minimum error in water resources management.

Value of rescheduling of rail inspection

A regular rail inspection schedule has been proposed to minimise any detrimental financial cost incurred due to operations under harsh environments. Missing opportunities to detect a defective rail could ultimately lead to its breaking, which would magnify the repair (as well as maintenance) cost by approximately 30–35% per rail-mile. However, the performance of a pre-planned inspection schedule may be affected by disruptions in one or more element(s) of inspection such as machine/vehicle breakdown or track unavailability, which are usually unpredictable events. As part of the justification for the need to manage a disrupted inspection schedule, this paper proposes a methodology that highlights the value of rescheduling. An extensive literature search was undertaken on the rescheduling framework in order to determine the appropriate policies, strategies and methods for rail inspection. As a result, the value of rescheduling is formulated as the ratio of rescheduling cost to a change in the value of risk from a missed opportunity to repair a defective rail, i.e. late defect detection. This numerical formula demonstrates how the proposed methodology is useful for filtering out a rescheduling strategy that has (negative) value when dealing with a disrupted rail inspection schedule. The discussion portrays several potential aspects to feasibly extend the proposed methodology on a large scale of rail network.

Six Fractal Codes of Biological Life:perspectives in Exobiology, Cancers Basic Research and Artificial Intelligence Biomimetism Decisions Making

The discovery of a simple numerical formula for the projection of all the atomic mass of life-sustaining CONHSP bioatoms leads to the emergence of a set of Nested CODES unifying all the biological, genetic and genomic components by unifying them from bioatoms up to 'to whole genomes. In particular, we demonstrate the existence of a digital meta-code common to the three languages ​​of biology that are RNA, DNA and amino acid sequences. Through this meta-code, genomic and proteomic images appear almost analogous and correlated. The analysis of the textures of these images then reveals a binary code as well as an undulatory code whose analysis on the human genome makes it possible to predict the alternating bands constituting the cariotypes of the chromosomes. The application of these codes to perspectives in astrobiology, in Cancers basic research and the emergence of binary codes and regions of local stability (voting process), whose fractal nature we demonstrate, is illustrated.