Ubezpieczenia ustawowe w PRL jako instytucja ubezpieczeń w gospodarce centralnie planowanej

The article concerns the issue of compulsory insurance known in the period of the Polish People’s Republic, which was created by the law itself — the so-called statutory insurance. The basic methods used are the legal-dogmatic method and the descriptive method, the study of legal literature, and the analysis of legal acts and jurisprudence, mostly of a historical nature. Statutory insurance functioned from the 1950s until the end of the 1980s in a centrally planned economy, being specific to the so-called socialist insurance. The insurance relationship concluded by the operation of law could exist in a monopoly situation — in the different categories of insurance there was only one state insurer. In the literature and jurisprudence of the time, the statutory insurance relationship was usually classified as a civil law relationship. Such an assessment, however, raises doubts due to the number of public-law elements occurring in this type of insurance. Statutory insurance was an artificial insurance element, serving fiscal purposes.

INSTITUTE OF COMPULSORY INSURANCE OF PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY OF LAWYERS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS

The article is devoted to the problems of introduction of the institute of compulsory insurance ofprofessional liability of lawyers in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authoranalyzes the current legislation of the two states, in terms of mandatory insurance of professional liabilityof lawyers, identifies current problems in this area, justifies ways to solve them. The article has a certainscientific and practical value, since it analyzes the experience of the establishment of the institute ofcompulsory insurance of professional liability of lawyers in Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan, whichwill improve the legislative and law enforcement practice of both states.

Purchase of a Leased Vehicle by a User Who Has Concluded a Motor Third Party Liability Insurance Contract

The article focuses on the interpretation of Article 31(1) of the Act on Compulsory Insurance, the Insurance Guarantee Fund and the Polish Bureau of Motor Insurers as regards legal consequences of the purchase of a vehicle by its user in the performance of the leasing contract, with the user having previously taken out a motor third party liability insurance. The article contains a polemical analysis of the position of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority of 11 February 2021.

Issues of examination of the ability to work in the practical work of a doctor

Medical expertise has its origins in the distant past. Prof. Shibkov attributes it to the time of the emergence of forensic medicine, namely for Zap. Europe by 1532, when the charter of Charles V was issued (the so-called Cardina), and for Russia by 1716, when the military charter was issued (article 154) (under Peter I). In the distant past (about 200 years ago) it appears in Zap. In Europe, the practice of insurance expertise is first in the interests of private and voluntary, and then compulsory insurance.

9. Employers’ liability and vicarious liability

This chapter discusses both common law and statute on employers’ liability and vicarious liability. Employers’ liability is concerned with the employer’s personal, non-delegable duty in respect of the physical and psychological safety of his employees. This was established in Wilsons and Clyde Coal v English (1938) and is reinforced by the statutory requirement that employers have compulsory insurance. Vicarious liability involves the employer being liable to a third party for the tort of his employee. This must occur in the course of employment, a concept which was redefined in Lister v Hesley Hall (2002). The employment relationship has been re-examined in the light of institutional child abuse cases.

INSURANCE COVERAGE IN CIVIL LIABILITY OF MOTOR VEHICLES OWNERS’ COMPULSORY INSURANCE (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN)

Both Turkish and Azerbaijani legislation requires motor vehicle owners to enter into a contract of compulsory civil liability insurance. The list of vehicles with compulsory civil liability insurance to third parties is reflected in Article 50.2 of the Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on “Compulsory Insurance”. A similar list of vehicles with compulsory civil liability insurance is reflected in the Law of the Republic of Turkey “On Motor Roads”. Losses included in the coverage area of the insurance contract on compulsory civil liability insurance of motor vehicle owners are classified in the form of damage to vehicles, material damage and damage to life and health of the victim.

Compulsory insurance in the provision of insurance protection

The transition to a digital economy in a «risk society» is transforming financial institutions, changing their social significance and strategic development goals. The development of insurance in general, and compulsory insurance in particular, is influenced by two global factors: changing the risk situation, including qualitative changes in the nature of the risk; and the growth of public consciousness in the field of risk management, awareness of the need for insurance protection. Compulsory insurance aimed at protecting the public interest in this situation becomes of particular importance. The structure of threats and new phenomena in the realization of risk require at this stage more than the current state participation in compulsory insurance.

The Expert Group’s Report on Liability for Artificial Intelligence and Other Emerging Digital Technologies: a critical assessment

This article offers a critical discussion of the “Report on Liability for Artificial Intelligence and Other Emerging Digital Technologies” released by the Expert Group on Liability and New Technologies. In particular, the authors consider: the excessive diversity of applications encompassed through the notion of “artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies”; the distinction between high- and low-risk applications as a potential source of legal uncertainty; the primary reliance on evidentiary rules over substantive ones; the problematic role attributed to safety rules; the unclear relationship between the Product Liability Directive and other ad hoc liability regimes; the radical exclusion of electronic personhood as a way of addressing liability issues; and the limited contextualisation of compulsory insurance and no-compensation funds.

P&I INSURANCE COVER: INSURANCE OF OIL POLLUTION RISKS IN MARITIME LAW

This article attempts to analyze the insurance of pollution risks in maritime activities. The article mainly focuses on oil pollution. This article also discusses the importance of shipowner insurance for the coverage of damages caused by pollution, focusing on shipowner's liability insurance. The shipowner's liability insurance is the basis of the oil pollution compensatory system, the role of insurance in creating a regime that provides adequate compensation to oil pollution victims and reduces the number of oil pollution incidents. The study briefly discusses the P&I Insurance, CLC Convention, and other regulatory documents in the context of oil pollution. Key words: P&I clubs, "strict liability", "compulsory insurance", maritime adventure, oil pollution, CLC

Implications of Compulsory Car Accident Insurance Comparative Study

Compulsory civil liability insurance on car accidents is one of the most important topics, which aims to achieve traffic safety and reduce car accidents. Today, car accidents constitute a great danger to human life as they cause different types of physical and moral damages. This study, however, attempts to highlight the effectiveness of compulsory insurance in providing legal protection for damages resulting from car accidents. Such protection can be achieved through the process of creating legal mechanism to enable injured people to refer to insurance companies. It is quite apparent that nobody can deny the importance of insurance and its influence on people’s lives. Insurance companies nowadays have become an essential cornerstone in the economy of any country. An insurance contract has legal consequences on the parties, which leads to corresponding obligations. These parties are committed to comply with these obligations otherwise, any violation will be treated as per the prescribed legal sanctions. In conclusion, any research or study on the compulsory insurance system whether in the Emirati law or in Islamic Sharia is highly recommended as part of the attempts to solve and rectify any legal and legitimate problems in this system. An essential objective of the Islamic Sharia is to achieve all fair interests of people. Arab and international legislation consider car insurance compulsory with some exceptions in order to compensate all those affected by a car accident. Arab and other foreign laws as well as the legitimate ones have differed in their choices of car insurance basis. Many legislations in the field of compulsory insurance have limited the right of compensation to body damage. Some other legislations have covered damages of property. Most legislations have not specified the amount of compensation that the insurer is obliged to pay in case of injury, death, or property damages. companies.