Cameroon’s special criminal court: an appraisal of its first decade of existence

Purpose In total, 10 years since the establishment of the Special Criminal Court (SCC) in Cameroon to deal with a specific kind of corruption, one may wonder whether any achievements have been made so far in fulfilling its mandate and also assuaging the tense and toxic perception that the Court was established as an arsenal to witch-hunt political opponents. This study aims to look into the work done so far in this regard, and makes an assessment as to whether any accomplishments have been made in the first decade of its establishment. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes an evidence-based approach in seeking answers to what accomplishments, if any, have been made by the Court, explores the notion of corruption within Cameroon’s legislative and institutional landscape prior to the establishment of the Court and looks into the profiles of those who have been indicted by the SCC for that crime; the amounts that were misappropriated and for which they were convicted; the sentences imposed. It identifies some outstanding cases: where the amounts misappropriated exceeded a threshold and asks the question of what made it possible for these individuals to misappropriate such huge sums of money? Findings The inconsistencies and irrationality in the sentencing are a few findings made. Added to those is the timing of the establishment of the Court which, as most have perceived, is a political witch-hunting aimed at bringing credibility to a failed regime, as well as deal with a few political “irresponsibles” who were once the president’s buddies. Research limitations/implications This research unravels key insights into the functioning of the SCC. It advances the knowledge thereon and adds to the literature on corruption in Cameroon. Practical implications The establishment of the SCC is commendable. However, as it deals with but a particular kind of corruption, it might be necessary to rethink the need of additional institutional mechanisms that have specialized jurisdiction to deal with the different kinds of corruption in Cameroon. Social implications The paper highlights the entrenched nature of corruption in the social fabrics of Cameroonian society, and exposes the need for a much holistic approach in dealing with corruption, as the SCC offers but one institutional mechanism toward that direction. Originality/value This paper, given the issues discussed therein, and considering the dearth of literature on the topic, advances the literature on the SCC in particular and the problem of endemic corruption in Cameroon in general.

Squamous Differentiation in the Thyroid: Metaplasia, Neoplasia, or Bystander?

Background. Squamous differentiation within the thyroid is seen in a variety of settings. Squamous epithelium is non-native to the thyroid, and its debated origins span reactive metaplasia and developmental/embryologic remnants. Despite a lack of clarity as to its evolution, squamous epithelium may be associated with both neoplastic and non-neoplastic processes. Methods. Thyroid pathology reports spanning a 30-year period were reviewed for terms indicating squamous features. Associated diagnostic and clinical information was collated. Results. Four hundred and twenty seven of 17,452 (2.4%) thyroid surgical pathology cases during this period utilized terminology indicating squamous differentiation including 243 malignant (58%) and 178 benign (42%) diagnoses. There were 111 (26%) primary thyroid malignancies with squamous differentiation, 116 (28%) malignancies of non-thyroid origin including local extension from nearby cancers, and 16 (4%) malignancies of uncertain primary. Most benign lesions were non-neoplastic (84%). The minor subset representing benign neoplasia was interpreted as secondary reactive changes. Conclusion. While squamous differentiation is seen routinely in the thyroid, it is most commonly reported in malignancy. For primary thyroid malignancies reported to demonstrate a squamous component, biologically aggressive tumors were overrepresented. Available evidence suggests that multiple pathways may contribute to the presence of squamous epithelium in the thyroid including metaplasia of mature follicular cells, development from established embryonic remnants, or inception in putative, incompletely characterized stem-like cells. Our retrospective review presents an institutional landscape from which further investigation into the frequency and unique histologic and molecular context of intrathyroidal squamous differentiation as a driver or terminal event in thyroid pathophysiology.

Anti-ELAB Movement, National Security Law, and heterogeneous institutional trust in Hong Kong

How does repression on opposition protests affect citizens' institutional trust under dictatorships? There has been a burgeoning literature investigating empirically both long- and short-term impacts of protests and their repression on citizens' political preferences in both democratic and nondemocratic contexts. Yet, the literature tells us relatively little about how the above question could be answered. This paper tries to answer this question by taking advantage of a recent natural experiment in Hong Kong when Beijing suddenly adopted the National Security Law (NSL) in June 2020 to repress dissidents' protest mobilization. Our findings are twofold. First of all, the NSL drove a wedge in the Hong Kong society by making the pro-establishment camp more satisfied with the post-NSL institutions on the one hand, while alienating the pro-democracy camp who lost tremendous trust in them on the other. Second, our study also reveals that one's trust in institutions is significantly associated with the regimes' ability to curb protesters' contentious mobilization. The Hong Kongers who had higher confidence in the NSL to rein in protests would also have a greater level of trust than those who didn't. The effect, however, is substantially smaller among pro-democracy Hong Kongers except for their trust in monitoring institutions. As Beijing is transforming Hong Kong's current institutions from within hopes of bringing about a new political equilibrium, our study helps provide a timely assessment of Hong Kong's institutional landscape and sheds light on how likely this strategy can work.

Analysis of the institutional landscape and proliferation of proposals for global vaccine equity for COVID-19: too many cooks or too many recipes?

This article outlines and compares current and proposed global institutional mechanisms to increase equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on their institutional and operational complementarities and overlaps. It specifically considers the World Health Organization's (WHO’s) COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access) model as part of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A) initiative, the WHO’s COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP) initiative, the proposed TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreement) intellectual property waiver and other proposed WHO and World Trade Organization technology transfer proposals. We argue that while various individual mechanisms each have their specific individual merits—and in some cases weaknesses—overall, many of these current and proposed mechanisms could be highly complementary if used together to deliver equitable global access to vaccines. Nonetheless, we also argue that there are risks posed by the proliferation of proposals in this context, including the potential to disperse stakeholder attention or to delay decisive action. Therefore, we argue that there is now a clear need for concerted global multilateral action to recognise the complementarities of specific models and to provide a pathway for collaboration in attaining global equitable access to vaccines. The institutional infrastructure or proposals to achieve this amply exist at this point in time—but much greater cooperation from industry and clear, decisive and coordinated action from states and international organisations are urgently needed.

50 Years on, w(h)ither the Ramsar convention? A case of institutional drift

Wetlands have declined in area and quality at an accelerating pace in the last 50 years. Yet, the last 50 years is when international attention has been focussed on wetlands through the Ramsar Convention. An analysis of how the convention has evolved over the past 50 years suggests it has been drifting away from its original mandate in a maladaptive manner, and this drift is a problem for achieving its original objectives. A review of the strategic plans of the convention revealed two key conditions for institutional drifting and the associated lack of success. The first condition lies in its unique situation as a non-UN convention, which reduces the convention’s visibility and interactivity with other biodiversity-related conventions, agencies, or programmes. The second condition is an increasing number of conventions dealing with biodiversity issues, all forcing the Ramsar Convention to seek different roles in an increasingly competitive institutional landscape. A more effective future for the convention arguably lies in reasserting its original mandate, but with cognisance of the changed environmental pressures of the twenty-first century. While this would narrow its increasingly broad focus, such a reorientation will allow wetlands and waterfowl to start a track to recovery, backed by active and focused Contracting Parties in a renewed international convention on wetland conservation, management, and sustainable use.

Courtyard Sisters: Settler Fantasy and Experiment at the International Institute of Los Angeles, 1914–1940

This article examines the history of the International Institute of Los Angeles, one of dozens of immigrant-serving agencies to open nationwide under the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) during the 1910s. Close reading of this branch reveals how related processes of domestication, democratization, and assimilation of immigrant groups buttressed the settler colonial making of the city. Through a study of the organization’s fieldwork, cultural programs, and architectural footprint, the author argues that the Institute preserved the racial fantasies of Anglo Angelenos with its efforts to Americanize women and girls in a Spanish Colonial Revival space. This article reframes the city’s institutional landscape during the interwar period, showing how social reformers helped maintain and police boundaries of belonging in western metropoles.

Evaluation framework for urban development programs: the case of Morocco

The evaluation of urban development programs is now a prerequisite for any initiative to improve their effectiveness. The United Nations has designated 2015 as the International Year of Evaluation (EvalYear). This global initiative aims to support the development of an enabling environment for evaluation at international, national, and local levels (UN, 2015). In Morocco, the situation is still characterized by a weak anchoring of the evaluation function in the political-institutional landscape, except for a few sectoral mechanisms for collecting information and drawing up diagnoses. However, there is a real awareness of this, as the new Constitution of 2011 addresses this deficit and highlights the importance of evaluation in the management of public affairs. In this context, the Moroccan Ministry of Housing has initiated several evaluation studies on specific programs. Accordingly, we will analyze three evaluation studies of urban development projects. The objective of our work is to verify to what extent the modeling of the program evaluation process, developed by Hurteau and Houle (2006), was applied to the evaluation reports analyzed and to issue a well-founded judgment. To do this, we translated the steps of modeling the evaluation process into indicators to create an analysis grid. However, our study may have a limitation in that while the reports analyzed have the advantage of being almost uniform in terms of content, this choice is biased because it does not provide an exhaustive representation of evaluation practice. Finally, the results of our study show that the practice of modeling the evaluation process is not uniform and that it would be important to develop and frame the practice of program evaluation.

The Politics of Building Civic Tech

This chapter evaluates the technical and political trials involved in building a suite of open data tools by charting the development of the Dublin Dashboard. Building a city dashboard is a good way to gain an in-depth knowledge of how civic tech can be created using open data, and the politics and praxes involved. Like the process for creating the original city dashboard, the redevelopment of the Dublin Dashboard and production of the Cork Dashboard involved a significant amount of planning, negotiation, and trial and error. Just as these processes and institutional landscape have an effect on how a dashboard is created, the collective manufacture of dashboards reshapes institutions and their practices. How we design dashboards, and what data are included and how they are displayed, influences what knowledge is learned and how it is applied. Importantly, given that dashboards are a key means by which operators monitor urban infrastructure within control rooms, this mutability directly shapes the nature of data driven urbanism and how our cities are managed and run.