Differential Diagnoses of Diseases Involving the Extrinsic Ocular Musculature – A Pictorial Essay

Introduction There are some inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic diseases affecting the extrinsic orbital musculature (EOM) that present with pain, decreased visual acuity, and proptosis. Imaging is fundamental to the differential diagnoses of these diseases with similar clinical presentations. The present case series report has as main objective to illustrate and discuss the main pathologies that affect the orbit. Material and methods The present series of cases discusses the main pathologies that can affect the extraocular musculature that can be characterized by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using cases from our institution. Results and Discussion The present study compiled several cases of ophthalmopathy from our institution to illustrate and address some of these pathologies, such as orbital lymphoma, Grave disease, metastases, periorbital cellulitis, and idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome. The diseases are discussed according to the presentation of clinical cases with emphasis on the main imaging findings of each pathology. Conclusion Computed tomography and MRI can help in the diagnosis and follow-up of the diseases that affect the EOM. We must be conversant with the main characteristics of the pathologies presented in the present case series report, since such findings together with clinical data can confirm the diagnosis of these diseases or at least help to narrow the differential diagnoses.

PRIMARY ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS, 2 CASE SERIES REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a disease that has affected human beings since antiquity and is still a global health problem. The main site of TB is usually in the lung, from where it can spread to other parts of the body. However, it can also present in extrapulmonary forms, the most common being the abdominal. Abdominal tuberculosis is dened as an infection of the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, abdominal solid organs, and/or abdominal lymphatics. Because its clinical symptoms are nonspecic, the diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis requires a high clinical suspicion, especially in the predisposed population