Reused Shadow Recovery Scheme for Flash-based Edge Gateway Servers

Edge computing refers to decentralized computing technology to reduce cloud computing's overload or security problems that redirect local data to a central data center. Edge computing is emerging as a technology that complements cloud computing in an IoT environment where huge amounts of data are generated in real time. Recently, solid state drives using flash memory have recently been recognized as a suitable storage for massive IoT data services. In this study, we propose a new data recovery scheme based on shadow paging using flash memory for effective and safe data services in IoT edge gateways. The proposed scheme recycles invalidated old data blocks that are discarded when new data is stored. Thus, The proposed scheme minimizes the burden of additional storage space required to traditional shadow paging schemes, and reduces I/O performance degradation. Simulation results show that the space gain of the proposed scheme reaches even to 29%.

A nowcasting framework for correcting for reporting delays in malaria surveillance

Time lags in reporting to national surveillance systems represent a major barrier for the control of infectious diseases, preventing timely decision making and resource allocation. This issue is particularly acute for infectious diseases like malaria, which often impact rural and remote communities the hardest. In Guyana, a country located in South America, poor connectivity among remote malaria-endemic regions hampers surveillance efforts, making reporting delays a key challenge for elimination. Here, we analyze 13 years of malaria surveillance data, identifying key correlates of time lags between clinical cases occurring and being added to the central data system. We develop nowcasting methods that use historical patterns of reporting delays to estimate occurred-but-not-reported monthly malaria cases. To assess their performance, we implemented them retrospectively, using only information that would have been available at the time of estimation, and found that they substantially enhanced the estimates of malaria cases. Specifically, we found that the best performing models achieved up to two-fold improvements in accuracy (or error reduction) over known cases in selected regions. Our approach provides a simple, generalizable tool to improve malaria surveillance in endemic countries and is currently being implemented to help guide existing resource allocation and elimination efforts.

How to Avoid "Unenlightened Sorrow": A Statistical Analysis of Plain Remarriage

This article is a basic quantitative analysis of widowhood and remarriage trends among several Plain churches. When compared to past studies of similar topics, a remarkable consistency of findings across both time and sect can be identified. Bereaved Plain spouses have largely experienced widowhood along separate gender-specific paths, in data sets ranging from 1730 to 2019 and from relatively liberal to traditional communities. Positing that much of Amish and Amish Mennonite society is designed to socialize and retain children, this article offers opportunities for deeper study of the parental roles undergirding that society. The primary research suggestions include spousal function in the context of family life, the various factors influencing the health of bereaved spouses, and the "marriage squeeze" present in many churches. The central data sets used in this study were collected from the 2019 edition of the Amish Mennonite Directory and the 2015 Church Directory of the Lancaster County Amish and Outlying Daughter Settlements. These reference books were sampled on a one-in-five and one-in-three basis, respectively. The resultant widowhood cases were contextualized by widowhood cases from studies by Elmer Lewis Smith and researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.

Hubungan Sanitasi Lingkungan Dengan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita di Indonesia (Studi Literatur)

Stunting merupakan suatu keadaan yang menggambarkan status gizi kurang yang bersifat kronik pada masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangan terjadi sejak bayi dalam kandungan sampai bayi dilahirkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan sanitasi lingkungan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi literatur. Literatur yang diulas diperoleh dari penelusuran artikel penelitian-penelitian ilmiah dari rentang tahun 2014-2019 dengan menggunakan database Google Scholar, PubMed Central, dan Biomel Central. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder, yaitu data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh peneliti-peneliti terdahulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan antara bulan Juni hingga Agustus 2020. Berdasarkan penelusuran judul dan abstrak didapatkan 76 artikel namun hanya 20 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil telaah terhadap literatur terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel sumber air bersih, akses sanitasi, pengelolaan limbah rumah tangga, pengelolaan sampah rumah tangga, kejadian diare dan kejadian ISPA dengan kejadian stunting pada balita di Indonesia. Kata Kunci : Balita, Indonesia, Sanitasi Lingkungan, Stunting

Nobody there? On the non-existence of nobody in Mandarin Chinese and related issues

The present article demonstrates how the so far unchallenged misanalysis within Chinese linguistics of a few, but central, data points has led to a distorted picture biasing, inter alia, the general typology of wh-in-situ languages as well as the crosslinguistic study of Quantifier Phrases. This is the case for méi yǒu rén ‘not exist person’, hěnshǎo yǒu rén ‘rarely exist person’, and zhǐ yǒu DP ‘only exist DP’, which are not nominal projections equivalent of ‘nobody’, ‘only DP’, and ‘few people’ as currently assumed, but existential constructions: ‘there isn't anybody’, ‘there is only DP’, and ‘there are rarely people’. In addition, a subset of speakers has reanalyzed hěnshǎo (yǒu) rén with a covert yǒu ‘exist’ as a QP hěnshǎo rén ‘few people’. A corpus study highlights the limited distribution of hěnshǎo rén ‘few people’, which shows that it is not on a par with its antonym hěn duō rén ‘many people’.

Central data monitoring in the multicentre randomised SafeBoosC-III trial – a pragmatic approach

Background Data monitoring of clinical trials is a tool aimed at reducing the risks of random errors (e.g. clerical errors) and systematic errors, which include misinterpretation, misunderstandings, and fabrication. Traditional ‘good clinical practice data monitoring’ with on-site monitors increases trial costs and is time consuming for the local investigators. This paper aims to outline our approach of time-effective central data monitoring for the SafeBoosC-III multicentre randomised clinical trial and present the results from the first three central data monitoring meetings. Methods The present approach to central data monitoring was implemented for the SafeBoosC-III trial, a large, pragmatic, multicentre, randomised clinical trial evaluating the benefits and harms of treatment based on cerebral oxygenation monitoring in preterm infants during the first days of life versus monitoring and treatment as usual. We aimed to optimise completeness and quality and to minimise deviations, thereby limiting random and systematic errors. We designed an automated report which was blinded to group allocation, to ease the work of data monitoring. The central data monitoring group first reviewed the data using summary plots only, and thereafter included the results of the multivariate Mahalanobis distance of each centre from the common mean. The decisions of the group were manually added to the reports for dissemination, information, correcting errors, preventing furture errors and documentation. Results The first three central monitoring meetings identified 156 entries of interest, decided upon contacting the local investigators for 146 of these, which resulted in correction of 53 entries. Multiple systematic errors and protocol violations were identified, one of these included 103/818 randomised participants. Accordingly, the electronic participant record form (ePRF) was improved to reduce ambiguity. Discussion We present a methodology for central data monitoring to optimise quality control and quality development. The initial results included identification of random errors in data entries leading to correction of the ePRF, systematic protocol violations, and potential protocol adherence issues. Central data monitoring may optimise concurrent data completeness and may help timely detection of data deviations due to misunderstandings or fabricated data.

Mittelalterliche Stadtbücher aus Preußen

Medieval urban registers constitute a historical source of great importance, particularly since they have survived comparatively often. This article provides a schedule of the surviving Prussia urban registers, structured according to the categories employed by the Index Librorum Civitatum, a continuing project of the University of Halle. Listing both the urban registers already published and those yet unpublished is intended to illustrate the problems involved in producing a modern edition and to suggest possible solutions. In view of how multifarious the Prussian registers can be, it makes good sense to schedule them separately, while structuring the list to concord with the categories employed by the researchers in Halle. Indeed, it would be sensible to flank the calender with scans or digital photographs. However, decisions on the editorial standards to be employed – indeed, the fundamental decision to publish the entire text or merely calender the entries – must be made on a case-by-case basis. Particularly in those cases in which urban registers comprehend a wide variety of entries, individual solutions will have to be found in order to allow scholars to access the various categories of material readily and directly. Publication in the form of pdf files or simple digital editions makes good sense, even if collecting all materials in one central data bank would be ideal. Editions of the resolutions of quasi-legislative bodies should be structured according to the

Information Stored in Memory Affects Abductive Reasoning

Abductive reasoning describes the process of deriving an explanation from given observations. The Theory of Abductive Reasoning (TAR; Johnson & Krems, 2001) assumes that when information is presented sequentially, new information is integrated into a mental representation, a situation model, the central data structure on which all reasoning processes are based. Because working memory capacity is limited, the question arises how reasoning might change with the amount of information that has to be processed in memory. Thus, we conducted an experiment (N = 34) in which we manipulated whether previous observation information and previously found explanations had to be retrieved from memory or were still visually present. Our results provide evidence that people experience differences in task difficulty when more information has to be retrieved from memory. This is also evident in changes in the mental representation as reflected by eye tracking measures. However, no differences are found between groups in the reasoning outcome. These findings suggest that individuals construct their situation model from both information in memory as well as external memory stores. The complexity of the model depends on the task: when memory demands are high, only relevant information is included. With this compensation strategy, people are able to achieve similar reasoning outcomes even when faced with tasks that are more difficult. This implies that people are able to adapt their strategy to the task in order to keep their reasoning successful.

High speed wireless data acquisition system

In a setup for a system long term stability and reliability test, sensors are used to measure physical quantities, affecting the behavior of the system, by sampling the sensor readings, convert it to digital numerical value and saving it for further detail analysis. The sensors are wired to a central location to collect and log data, due to extensive wiring requirements the setup is very difficult and sometimes even impossible to implement. This project presents an implementation of high speed wireless data acquisition system which samples sensors output at high speed (5 KHz), converts it to digital numerical form and sends wirelessly to central data gathering unit thus avoiding home run wiring from each sensor to central data gathering unit where it is logged on USB flash drive and send to PC for real time display. The implementation target was wireless link between a transmitter module, serving a maximum of 8 sensors at 5 KHz sampling rate and 16bit ADC resolution for each sensor, to data gathering unit. The implementation does fall short on specification on number of channels and sampling rate due to limitation of over the air data rate of the radio module, what we were able to achieve is 4 channels of 16 bit ADC resolution at 2 KHz sampling rate using radio module with 300 Kbps over the air data rate. Using different sensors and with different configurable settings the tests shows that the stored data at the data gathering unit and the data stored using wired data acquisition system has no difference. For future improvement radio module with over the air data rate (1.55 Mbps) which allows multiple transmitters connected wirelessly to a single data gathering unit providing more flexibility in sensor deployment. Even though the implementation falls short on some of the features but with using improved radio module and/or using some compression techniques on ADC data, before sending data wirelessly, these short comings could be overcome easily.

High speed wireless data acquisition system

In a setup for a system long term stability and reliability test, sensors are used to measure physical quantities, affecting the behavior of the system, by sampling the sensor readings, convert it to digital numerical value and saving it for further detail analysis. The sensors are wired to a central location to collect and log data, due to extensive wiring requirements the setup is very difficult and sometimes even impossible to implement. This project presents an implementation of high speed wireless data acquisition system which samples sensors output at high speed (5 KHz), converts it to digital numerical form and sends wirelessly to central data gathering unit thus avoiding home run wiring from each sensor to central data gathering unit where it is logged on USB flash drive and send to PC for real time display. The implementation target was wireless link between a transmitter module, serving a maximum of 8 sensors at 5 KHz sampling rate and 16bit ADC resolution for each sensor, to data gathering unit. The implementation does fall short on specification on number of channels and sampling rate due to limitation of over the air data rate of the radio module, what we were able to achieve is 4 channels of 16 bit ADC resolution at 2 KHz sampling rate using radio module with 300 Kbps over the air data rate. Using different sensors and with different configurable settings the tests shows that the stored data at the data gathering unit and the data stored using wired data acquisition system has no difference. For future improvement radio module with over the air data rate (1.55 Mbps) which allows multiple transmitters connected wirelessly to a single data gathering unit providing more flexibility in sensor deployment. Even though the implementation falls short on some of the features but with using improved radio module and/or using some compression techniques on ADC data, before sending data wirelessly, these short comings could be overcome easily.