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Author(s):  
Duong Cong Vinh Duong

Coral bleaching events are of concern globally because of their adverse effect on the coral reef ecosystem. However, there is a lack of observed bleaching in many coral reefs in Vietnam, leading to difficulty in implementing the suitable management and protection solutions. The study aims to provide general information about coral bleaching in ST and CLC basing on bleaching alerts of NOAA Coral Reef Watch in 2019. Field data was collected by a photographic method for analyzing and classifying bleached coral. The results showed that coral reefs experienced low bleaching by an average of 8.86% and 9.09% in ST and CLC, respectively. In addition, the study broadly identified the relationship of sea surface temperature and Degree Heating Weeks to coral bleaching in the study area.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanith C. Rose ◽  
Konstantinos Daras ◽  
Jane Cloke ◽  
Sarah Rodgers ◽  
Paul Farrell ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Air quality is monitored at a local level in the UK as part of the Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) system. If air quality objectives within an area are not achieved an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) is declared and action plan developed. The efficacy of this system in reducing air pollution has increasingly come into question, however very little is known about its impact on health or health inequalities. We therefore investigated the effect of declaring an AQMA on emergency hospitalisations for respiratory conditions in the North West Coast region of England, and examined whether the effect differed between more compared to less deprived neighbourhoods. Methods This longitudinal controlled ecological study analysed neighbourhoods located within or touching the boundaries of AQMAs declared in the North West Coast region between 2006 and 2016. Each of these intervention neighbourhoods were matched with five control neighbourhoods which had never been located within/touching an AQMA boundary. Difference-in-differences methods were used to compare the change in hospitalisation rates in the intervention neighbourhoods to the change in hospitalisation rates in the matched control neighbourhoods, before and after the declaration of an AQMA. Results In total, 108 intervention neighbourhoods and 540 control neighbourhoods were analysed over the period 2005–2017, giving a total sample size of 8424 neighbourhood-years. Emergency hospitalisations for respiratory conditions decreased in the intervention neighbourhoods by 158 per 100,000 per year [95% CI 90 to 227] after an AQMA was declared relative to the control neighbourhoods. There was a larger decrease in hospitalisation rates following the declaration of an AQMA in more compared to less income deprived neighbourhoods. Conclusions Our results suggest the LAQM system has contributed to a reduction in emergency hospitalisations for respiratory conditions, and may represent an effective strategy to reduce inequalities in health. These findings highlight the importance of measuring the success of air quality policies not just in terms of air pollution but also in terms of population health.


Author(s):  
Sumanta Bhattacharya ◽  
Jayanta Ray ◽  
Shakti Sinha ◽  
Bhavneet Kaur Sachdev

Indian sea route are an easy target for smuggling and conducting of anti-national activities. Mumbai port which is the largest port in India has been a place for terrorism activities since a long time, the 26/attack which is regarded as the deadliest terrorist attack, India has ever experience, the terrorist had enter India through sea port , since 1960s the business of smuggling of gold , drugs and other luxury items is going on between Dubai to Mumbai to Gujarat . Smuggling of items like fuel, textile happening through different states. Illegal fishing is also very common, In fact after the lockdown, many states have brought in new rules and regulation in their fisheries culture /sector, even the government has introduced schemes and is investing a lot . There are many agencies and ministries at the local, state and center to coordinate among different committees and stakeholders and increase the manpower. The eastern and the western coast share their water border with several countries which support criminal activities in the region. Most of the illegal migrant enter India and leave India through these ports for instances cases of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. India needs to strengthen its coastal security across the country. Keywords: Coastal security, sea roots, smuggling, drug trafficking, fisheries sector, 26/11 attack


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260084
Author(s):  
Susan Dierickx ◽  
Kelvin Onyango Oruko ◽  
Ed Clarke ◽  
Sainey Ceesay ◽  
Allan Pacey ◽  
...  

Introduction Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa constitutes an important social and public health problem. Yet, there is a paucity of research on the experiences of men living with infertility, especially in West Africa. This study explored men’s aetiological knowledge, views and experiences of infertility in the West Coast region of The Gambia, West Africa. Methodology An explorative qualitative study was conducted among men living in the rural and urban communities of the West Coast region of The Gambia using in-depth interviews. Data collection and analysis were performed concurrently, and thematic data analysis was an iterative process carried out using NVivo 11 Analysis Software. Results Gambian men had generally poor knowledge of infertility, allocating it to God, spiritual powers and bodily (biomedical) factors. While societal norms meant that infertility was generally attributed to women, some men allocated male-factor infertility to poor sperm quality and impotence. Infertility threatened participants’ sense of masculinity and resulted in psychosocial distress, including stigma, feelings of isolation, and low self-esteem. Conclusion Normative gendered frameworks of infertility result in high levels of female responsibilisation in the Gambian context. Yet men diagnosed with infertility experience significant, often unrecognized, psychological and social distress. We therefore call for increased attention to male-factor infertility, and the promotion of male engagement with infertility-care and services, both of which are essential for successfully addressing infertility and it’s psychosocial consequences in The Gambia.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Thi Phuong Lan Nguyen

<p>The tourism industry of Viet Nam has developed rapidly over the last two decades. However, more attention must be given to destination marketing, especially joint destination marketing, if the sector is to continue to expand. To date there has been little research on joint destination marketing, especially in developing countries and transitional economies like Viet Nam. This study attempts to fulfil this gap by examining the joint destination marketing activities of the eight South Central Coast provinces of Viet Nam. The study has three objectives: (1) to examine the nature and extent of current joint destination marketing activities, (2) to analyze the factors that influence joint destination marketing decision-making, and (3) to investigate the destination marketing relationships between local destination marketing organizations(DMOs) of the eight provinces.  The South Central Coast was chosen as the study site as it is the most dynamic tourism development region of Viet Nam. The study triangulated both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected mainly from semi-structured in-depth interviews with DMO representatives. This was complemented by the content analysis of official tourism websites.  Four sets of key findings result from this research. First, the South Central Coast provinces currently conduct destination marketing more individually than jointly. However, all provinces of the region practise a certain mix of both individual and joint marketing activities. Local DMOs also develop competitive and cooperative relationships with other counterpart DMOs. Second, joint destination marketing is an emerging and increasingly common trend in the region and is characterized by different patterns of cooperative behaviour and levels of involvement. Third, joint destination marketing decision-making is influenced by various factors, including preconditions, benefits, drawbacks, motives and barriers. These factors are inter-related, which in turn creates tensions for DMO in their joint destination marketing decision-making. Fourth, in the South Central Coast region, joint destination marketing activities occur more commonly at a sub-regional scale than at the scale of the whole region. Furthermore, these sub-region cooperative models involve provinces located in other regions. Decisive factors in destination marketing partnership formation include proximity, convenient transportation, mutual benefits, similar target markets and compatibility of tourism products.  The study concludes by highlighting the need to establish a regional tourism coordinating organization to facilitate joint actions and cooperative interrelationships between provinces. There is also much room left in for further joint destination marketing research.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Thi Phuong Lan Nguyen

<p>The tourism industry of Viet Nam has developed rapidly over the last two decades. However, more attention must be given to destination marketing, especially joint destination marketing, if the sector is to continue to expand. To date there has been little research on joint destination marketing, especially in developing countries and transitional economies like Viet Nam. This study attempts to fulfil this gap by examining the joint destination marketing activities of the eight South Central Coast provinces of Viet Nam. The study has three objectives: (1) to examine the nature and extent of current joint destination marketing activities, (2) to analyze the factors that influence joint destination marketing decision-making, and (3) to investigate the destination marketing relationships between local destination marketing organizations(DMOs) of the eight provinces.  The South Central Coast was chosen as the study site as it is the most dynamic tourism development region of Viet Nam. The study triangulated both primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected mainly from semi-structured in-depth interviews with DMO representatives. This was complemented by the content analysis of official tourism websites.  Four sets of key findings result from this research. First, the South Central Coast provinces currently conduct destination marketing more individually than jointly. However, all provinces of the region practise a certain mix of both individual and joint marketing activities. Local DMOs also develop competitive and cooperative relationships with other counterpart DMOs. Second, joint destination marketing is an emerging and increasingly common trend in the region and is characterized by different patterns of cooperative behaviour and levels of involvement. Third, joint destination marketing decision-making is influenced by various factors, including preconditions, benefits, drawbacks, motives and barriers. These factors are inter-related, which in turn creates tensions for DMO in their joint destination marketing decision-making. Fourth, in the South Central Coast region, joint destination marketing activities occur more commonly at a sub-regional scale than at the scale of the whole region. Furthermore, these sub-region cooperative models involve provinces located in other regions. Decisive factors in destination marketing partnership formation include proximity, convenient transportation, mutual benefits, similar target markets and compatibility of tourism products.  The study concludes by highlighting the need to establish a regional tourism coordinating organization to facilitate joint actions and cooperative interrelationships between provinces. There is also much room left in for further joint destination marketing research.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Philip A R Shane

<p>Numerous early Pleistocene silicic tephras are exposed in long sedimentary sequences in the East Coast and Wanganui basin regions in southern North Island of New Zealand, some 150-250 km south of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. They provide time planes that can be correlated between different facies and basins. Individual tephras can often be distinguished on the basis of major and trace element glass chemistry, and Fe-Ti oxide composition. Approximately 51 different eruptive events may be recorded in the interval from ca. 1.7 Ma to 0.5 Ma. Early Pleistocene tephras in deep-sea sediments of the Southern Pacific Ocean at latitudes >60 degrees S were previously considered to have been sourced in the TVZ. However, their alkalic compositions are compatible only with volcanoes of Western Antarctica and the Ross Sea region. Most of the tephras examined here are reworked, and many have been emplaced as catastrophic flood deposits in overbank settings of braid plains in the East Coast region. Their mode of emplacement and the presence of ignimbrites in the sequences indicate early Pleistocene transport routes through the site of the present main Axial Ranges, and suggest substantial tectonic uplift in the last 0.8 Ma. Long sequences spanning the Jaramillo Subchron (0.99-1.07 Ma) and older Matuyama Chron are recognised at Mangatewaiiti and Mangatewainui in the East Coast region, and Rewa Hill in the Rangitikei Valley. Numerical age control is provided by 40Ar/39Ar single crystal laser fusion ages from plagioclase in key tephra horizons. This new chronology indicates the tephras are nearly twice as old as several previous studies have suggested, thus requiring a major revision of the New Zealand Pleistocene stratigraphy. By integrating isotopic, paleomagnetic and geochemical data, 3 widespread tephras can be correlated between basins of the East Coast and Wanganui: Pakihikura Tephra (ca. 1.6 Ma), Potaka Tephra (1.00 Ma), and Kaukatea Tephra (ca. 1 Ma). These tephras and others provide a chronological framework for much of the early Pleistocene in southern North Island. Potaka Tephra is particularly widespread, allowing correlation between marine strata of the Castlecliffian (local early Pleistocene stage) type section at the Wanganui coast, and marine strata elsewhere in the Wanganui basin, as well as with fluvial and lacustrine strata in the East Coast. The tephra occurs as an ignimbrite and as a catastrophic flood deposit in the East Coast and as a fallout ash in North Canterbury, South Island (ca. 600 km from source). Potaka Tephra (normal polarity) and Kaukatea Tephra (reversed polarity) bracket the top of the Jaramillo Subchron and constrain its age to ca. 1 Ma. This is in accord with the astronomical calibration of the Pleistocene geomagnetic time scale, but older than previous determinations using the 'chronogram' method on K-Ar data. The precise source vents for the distal early Pleistocene tephras are uncertain, however their ages indicates they are coeval with dated proximal ignimbrite sheets from the Mangakino Caldera in the SW part of TVZ. The large number of distal tephras would imply a greater frequency of eruptions from this source than previously expected.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Philip A R Shane

<p>Numerous early Pleistocene silicic tephras are exposed in long sedimentary sequences in the East Coast and Wanganui basin regions in southern North Island of New Zealand, some 150-250 km south of the Taupo Volcanic Zone. They provide time planes that can be correlated between different facies and basins. Individual tephras can often be distinguished on the basis of major and trace element glass chemistry, and Fe-Ti oxide composition. Approximately 51 different eruptive events may be recorded in the interval from ca. 1.7 Ma to 0.5 Ma. Early Pleistocene tephras in deep-sea sediments of the Southern Pacific Ocean at latitudes >60 degrees S were previously considered to have been sourced in the TVZ. However, their alkalic compositions are compatible only with volcanoes of Western Antarctica and the Ross Sea region. Most of the tephras examined here are reworked, and many have been emplaced as catastrophic flood deposits in overbank settings of braid plains in the East Coast region. Their mode of emplacement and the presence of ignimbrites in the sequences indicate early Pleistocene transport routes through the site of the present main Axial Ranges, and suggest substantial tectonic uplift in the last 0.8 Ma. Long sequences spanning the Jaramillo Subchron (0.99-1.07 Ma) and older Matuyama Chron are recognised at Mangatewaiiti and Mangatewainui in the East Coast region, and Rewa Hill in the Rangitikei Valley. Numerical age control is provided by 40Ar/39Ar single crystal laser fusion ages from plagioclase in key tephra horizons. This new chronology indicates the tephras are nearly twice as old as several previous studies have suggested, thus requiring a major revision of the New Zealand Pleistocene stratigraphy. By integrating isotopic, paleomagnetic and geochemical data, 3 widespread tephras can be correlated between basins of the East Coast and Wanganui: Pakihikura Tephra (ca. 1.6 Ma), Potaka Tephra (1.00 Ma), and Kaukatea Tephra (ca. 1 Ma). These tephras and others provide a chronological framework for much of the early Pleistocene in southern North Island. Potaka Tephra is particularly widespread, allowing correlation between marine strata of the Castlecliffian (local early Pleistocene stage) type section at the Wanganui coast, and marine strata elsewhere in the Wanganui basin, as well as with fluvial and lacustrine strata in the East Coast. The tephra occurs as an ignimbrite and as a catastrophic flood deposit in the East Coast and as a fallout ash in North Canterbury, South Island (ca. 600 km from source). Potaka Tephra (normal polarity) and Kaukatea Tephra (reversed polarity) bracket the top of the Jaramillo Subchron and constrain its age to ca. 1 Ma. This is in accord with the astronomical calibration of the Pleistocene geomagnetic time scale, but older than previous determinations using the 'chronogram' method on K-Ar data. The precise source vents for the distal early Pleistocene tephras are uncertain, however their ages indicates they are coeval with dated proximal ignimbrite sheets from the Mangakino Caldera in the SW part of TVZ. The large number of distal tephras would imply a greater frequency of eruptions from this source than previously expected.</p>


PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12413
Author(s):  
Khanh V. Nguyen ◽  
Vinh C. Duong ◽  
Kinh T. Kieu ◽  
Thuong V. Tran ◽  
Cho-ying Huang ◽  
...  

This study aims to understand the spatial distribution of coral reefs in the central region of Viet Nam. We classified live coral cover in Son Tra Peninsula (ST) and Cu Lao Cham Island (CLC) in the South-Central Coast Region of Viet Nam using the Maximum Likelihood Classifier on 3 m Planetscope imagery. Confusion matrices and the accuracy of the classifier were assessed using field data (1,543 and 1,560 photographs in ST and CLC, respectively). The results showed that the reef’s width ranged from 30 to 300 m across the study site, and we were able to detect live coral cover across a depth gradient of 2 to 6 m below the sea surface. The overall accuracies of the classifier (the Kappa coefficient) were 76.78% (0.76) and 78.08% (0.78) for ST and CLC, respectively. We found that 60.25% of coral reefs in ST were unhealthy and the live coral cover was less than 50%, while 25.75% and 11.46% of those in CLC were in good and excellent conditions, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing Planetscope imagery to monitor shallow coral reefs of small islands at a high spatial resolution of 3 m. The results of this study provide valuable information for coral reef protection and conservation.


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