The Mechanisms of GPR55 Receptor Functonal Selectivity

The objective of the project is to establish the mechanisms of multidirectional signal transmission through the same G-protein coupled receptor GPR55. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, clones of the MDA-MB-231 line knockout for the GPR55 (3 clones) and CB2 (CNR2 - 6 clones) receptor genes were obtained. On clones of the MDA-MB-231 line with a knockout CB2 receptor, the cytotoxic activity of the pro-apoptotic ligand docosahexaenoyldopamine (DHA-DA) did not change or slightly increased, while the pro-proliferative activity of the most active synthetic ligand of the GPR55 receptor (ML-184) completely disappeared. On the original line MDA-MB-231, the stimulatory effect of ML-184 is removed by the CB2 receptor blocker, but not by GPR55. At the same time, the stimulating effect of ML-184 is practically not manifested on cell lines knockout at the GPR55 receptor. Thus, it can be confidently assumed that when proliferation is stimulated with the participation of the GPR55 receptor, a signal is transmitted from the CB2 receptor to the GPR55 receptor due to the formation of a heterodimer. GPR18 and TRPV1 receptors are additionally involved in the implementation of the cytotoxic effect of DHA-DA, while the CB1 receptor is not involved. In the implementation of the cytotoxic action of DHA-DA, the predominant participation of one of the Ga subunits was not found, but the Ga13 subunit plays a decisive role in the implementation of the proproliferative action. The Gaq subunit is also important, although to a lesser extent than Ga13.

Sabri Ülgener and Ahmed Güner Sayar: A Line in Turkish Economic Thought

Sabri Fehmi Ülgener and Ahmed Güner Sayar are two of the most eminent figures to be recognized through their economic and cultural studies in modern Turkish thought. They have generated remarkable ideas about relative economic underdevelopment in Ottoman-Turkish society, controversial economic policies within capitalism, and the existence of two principal veins in the methodology of economics. This paper aims to ascertain Ülgener and Sayar’s approaches toward the different dimensions of economics and to review the points upon which they agree and disagree in this regard. On the problem of economic underdevelopment, they can be said to generally focus on cultural elements and to have asserted the essence of Sufism to be distorted. They can also be said to have not fallen into any sharp differences over capitalism’s liberal or interventionist policies. On the methodology of economics, they agreed about the need to have an a posteriori character within the scope of the explanatory nature of economic theories. Additionally, they focused on the sociology of economics using the verstehen [German: to understand] method to comprehend human typology in economics through its various aspects. The research findings indicate these two men to have been the architects of an original line in Turkish economic thought by showing consensus on principles and method, despite disagreements on the details.

A theoretical exploration: Zone of Proximal Development as an ethical zone for teaching mathematics

For decades, Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) has been utilized as an important theoretical framework for exploring and analysing the concept of learning, but its implications for teachers remain much less explored. In this article, I conceptualise some of the roots of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of learning and, on this basis, I explore the ZPD as an ethical and powerful zone for teaching. Together with providing a thorough description of some key aspects of Vygotsky’s theoretical concepts, the major question stated, What are the ethical responsibilities of teachers to guide students do mathematics that is beyond their independent ability? intends to open up an original line of inquiry. I first give an overview of this learning theory, as it stemmed from Marxism, my means of supporting examples from mathematics education research literature. It follows a discussion on the issue of ethics and responsibility to more explicitly highlight the ethical responsibilities and power of teachers that are implicit in the concept of ZPD.

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FEED ADDITIVES ON THE ACTIVITY OF CHYME AND BLOOD PLASMA ENZYMES OF YOUNG MEAT CHICKEN OF ORIGINAL LINE

The research aimed to determine the effect of a mixture of low molecular weight organic acids and complex phytobiotics when replacing a feed antibiotic with them on the activity of digestive enzymes in the duode-nal chyme and the activity of pancreatic enzymes in the blood plasma of young stock B5 and B9 meat chicken lines. The experiments were carried out on the original lines of meat poultry lines B5 (Cornish) and B9 (Plymouth rock). There was an operation to insert a cannula into the duodenum at the age of 6 weeks. The enzymatic activity of the duodenum chyme and the content of pancreatic enzymes in the blood plasma in the groups of chickens receiving antibiotics, low molecular weight organic acids, and phytobiotics with the diet. The data showed that the influence of feed additives on the physiological status of poultry was different. The use of low molecular weight organic acids of the B5 and B9 chicken lines had a significant effect on the production of digestive enzymes due to an increase in the activity of chyme lipase (by 98.3%) and blood plasma lipase (by 26.6%) in B9 chickens and an increase in chyme proteases (by 30.9%) in B5 chickens compared with the control group, where the antibiotic was used. The introduction of complex phytobiotics into the diet had a negative effect on chickens of the B5 line (Cornish), reducing the activity of amylase and lipase of the duodenal chyme (by 29.2 and 26.9%) compared with the control group. In B9 (Plymouth rock) chickens, only the chyme amylase activity increased by 30.8% that indicates an improvement in the availability of feed carbohydrates. These data confirm the need to take into account the different effects of feed additives on the digestion processes in different poultry crosses.

Theorizing Liberal Orders in Crisis Then and Now: Returning to Carr and Horkheimer

This article pursues an original line of inquiry by placing E.H. Carr in direct relation with his contemporary, Max Horkheimer. Although Carr is often cited as a progenitor by realists and critical theorists, these invocations of ancestry rarely go beyond passing references to Carr in presentist terms—i.e., how he relates to their present-day projects. By means of an extensive engagement with Horkheimer and Carr, the article reveals a shared commitment to ideology critique directed at bourgeois civilization. The article demonstrates that Carr's epistemology, critique of the harmony of interests, complex treatment of utopianism, and theorization of social transformation all have their counterparts in Horkheimer. The recovery of Carr's depth and sophistication as a theorist by means of a comparison of his positions with those of Horkheimer shows that at the time of its composition The Twenty Years’ Crisis was a cutting-edge exercise in critique by a theorist working on an ambitious canvas of civilizational scale. The article concludes with a section that demonstrates the continued relevance of Carr and Horkheimer by reference to contemporary debates about the crises currently affecting the liberal international order.

Measurement of 2D Positioning “Error Map” of a SCARA-Type Robot Over the Entire Workspace by Using a Laser Interferometer and a PSD Sensor

Compared to positioning repeatability, the “absolute” positioning accuracy of an industrial robot is often significantly worse. In this paper, we propose a method to measure the 2D absolute positioning error of a SCARA robot. Over the given laser line, the linear positioning deviation and the straightness deviation are measured by using a laser interferometer and a position sensitive detector (PSD), respectively. Then, multiple laser lines are set up by using an optical square such that the parallelism or the squareness to the original line can be ensured. By similarly measuring linear positioning and straightness deviations over these laser lines, the robot’s 2D positioning error can be visually represented as a two-dimensional error map.

Il «sistema dell’egoismo universale» e la condizione presente dell’Italia

I intend to deal with the political thought of Giacomo Leopardi, especially in the Zibaldone, according to his conceptions on the contrast between reason and nature and on the contrast between ancient and modern, focusing attention on his analysis of the morale of the Italians, in order to identify their original line of interpretation in the analysis of the relationship between individuals and nations in the modern age, and in Italy in particular. The analysis of his political reflection cannot be separated from that of his moral and anthropological vision on the human condition. I dwell on three moments of his moral, social and anthropological vision of the nation, with a focus on the theme of individualism and the system of universal selfishness typical of Modernity.

‘The machine man of 1925’

This chapter moves beyond the human sciences, to develop the exploration (launched in the Introductions and Chapter 1) of the re-imagining of human nature and potentiality. It investigates the representation of the machine in the series, contrasting the volumes concerned with the dehumanizing effects of mechanized mass production with those taking a more nuanced and original line, arguing that the machine liberates human thought and creativity (a topic of evident relevance to today’s discussions of human-computer interaction and AI). It argues that To-Day and To-Morrow’s presentation of technology as prosthesis offers a more benign vision of mechanized futurity than the ‘prosthetic modernism’ of writers like Marinetti and Wyndham Lewis. H. Stafford Hatfield’s Automaton: or, The Future of the Mechanical Man (1928) is examined for the way in which it floats the possibility of a ‘mechanical brain’, yet is indicative of a general inability to predict the imminent electronic computer—thus raising a question of the limits of prediction in relation to thought-paradigms. A line is suggested from the series’ running together of technology, media and psychology, to the development of media studies, especially as articulated by Marshall McLuhan.

Fifth Reel

This chapter reviews the final scenes of David Cronenberg's Shivers (1975). In a character's description of her ‘very disturbing’ dream where she found herself ‘making love to a strange man’, the original line was supposed to be ‘making love to Sigmund Freud’. Cronenberg made the last-minute decision to change ‘Sigmund Freud’ to ‘a strange man’ in post-production. To make Freud the speaker would have been too blatant an intellectual reference, and would have implied that the film's scenario is explicable in Freudian terms, reducing its power. Martin Scorsese's description of Cronenberg's films in terms of ‘Jungian culture shock’ is particularly apt in the case of Shivers; throughout the film one notices hints of something less rational, with less pretence to scientific thinking, than the ostensible cause-and-effect narrative has accounted for. Cronenberg is a modern, and modernist, filmmaker, and requires a solid empiricist runway for his flights of fancy, but he is a filmmaker of the irrational, of dreams that become nightmares. It is for this reason that his works of fantastique are closer to horror than to the science fiction they often resemble.