Operation Energy Consumption Study on Reel and Polyethylene Tube of a New Hard Hose Traveler

To solve the problems of higher energy consumption and lower intelligence of traditional hard hose travelers, a new hard hose traveler with the function of electric drive and self-propelled is developed in this paper. The operational energy consumption of a reel and a polyethylene tube is an important part of hard-hose traveler energy consumption. In this paper, based on the JP50-180 hard hose traveler, the required pulling force and energy consumption at the reel and tube operation are theoretically and experimentally obtained. The aforementioned provides support for reducing energy consumption in the future. The influencing factor that affects the energy consumption of the reel rotation is the tube length, and the influencing factors that affect the energy consumption of the tube sliding are the ground slope, soil moisture content, and tube length. A calculation model for the dynamic change of the pulling force and energy consumption of the reel and tube operation is proposed in this study. Through theoretical analysis, maximum pulling tension and cumulative energy consumption requirements for the for reel rotation are 278.6 N and 15120.83 J, respectively. Furthermore, the requirements for the tube sliding are 1372.86 N and 123,456.96 J. Through test analysis, the maximum pulling tension for the tube sliding is between 1258.3 N and 1773.3 N, while the maximum pulling tension for reel rotation is 285.05 N. Under the same influencing factors, the deviation rates between theoretical and testable energy consumption for the reel rotation and tube sliding are 2.3 and 8.3%, respectively. The pulling force and cumulative energy consumption required for the reel rotation and tube sliding both increase with an increase in their influencing factors. The operating costs of the tube one-time unrolled are approximately 0.0185 CNY. Combined with the mobile resistance of the electric tracked vehicle, the power configuration of this new hard hose traveler is provided by two servo motors with a power of 5500 W each.

HUBUNGAN STUNTING DENGAN KETERLAMBATAN PERKEMBANGAN PADA ANAK USIA 6-24 BULAN

Background: The prevalence of stunting in Semarang in 2017 reached 20.37% with the highest incidence in the working area of the Bandarharjo Public Health Center. Previous studies have shown children who are stunted up to 2 years old has lower intelligence score than children who are not stunting. However, there were not studies on the relationship of stunting whit development children under 2 years.Objectives: This study aimed to determine relationship between stunting and development of children 6-24 months in the working area ofBandarharjo Public Health Center.Methods: This was a cross sectional study on 54 subjects aged 6-24 month using consecutive sampling method. Height and body weight were measured to assess nutritional status. Degree of stunting was expressed by height for age z-score of (HAZ) and classified according to the WHO. Development status was measured with Denver II test. Nutrient intake was measured by a semi quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and entered into Nutrisurvey 2007. The data analyzed with chi-square test and Fisher Exact. Multivariate analysis was done by logistic regression.Results: As many as 31,5% children were stunting and 72,2% children classified into suspect category. Stunting children had 9.3 times the risk of developmental delays compared with children who are not stunting.Conclusion: There was significant relationship between stunting and development of children 6-24 months of age in the working area ofBandarharjo Public Health Center.

Treatment Outcome, Cognitive Function and Psychopathology in Methamphetamine Users Compared to Other Substance Users

Background: There is an increasing demand of treatment options for methamphetamine users. The present study evaluates differences between methamphetamine users and users of other substances with respect to cognitive function and psychopathology and possible correlates of treatment outcome. Method: 110 subjects were recruited for an observational longitudinal study from a German inpatient addiction treatment center: 55 patients with methamphetamine dependence and 55 patients with dependence of other substances (OS group). Groups were examined at beginning (baseline) and end of treatment (after six months) with regard to treatment retention, craving, cognitive functioning, psychosocial resources, personality traits, and psychiatric symptoms. Results: A total drop-out rate of 40% was observed without significant differences. At baseline, Methamphetamine-group subjects had significantly lower intelligence quotient, less years of education, poorer working speed and lower working accuracy and cannabinoid and cocaine use compared to OS-group. Methamphetamine-group subjects showed a significantly lower score of conscientiousness, psychiatric symptoms than subjects from the OS-group. Both groups showed a reduction of craving and depressive symptoms and an improvement of working speed and working accuracy after treatment. Conclusions: There are differences between methamphetamine users and users of other drugs, but not with regard to the effectiveness of treatment in this inpatient setting.

Consequences of using chronological age versus corrected age when testing cognitive and motor development in infancy and intelligence quotient at school age for children born preterm

Background Children born preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation) have an increased risk of poor neurodevelopment, including lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores compared with their term-born counterparts. Objective To explore the differences in psychometric scores for cognition and motor skills when they are age-standardized according to chronological age instead of corrected age for children born preterm. Methods We assessed = 554 children born <33 weeks’ gestation with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition (mental and motor scores) at 18 months and the Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (IQ score) at seven years of age. Scores were standardized according to chronological age and corrected age and differences between mean chronological and corrected scores were compared, along with the proportion of children whose scores could be classified as impaired. Results When scores were standardized according to chronological age instead of corrected age there was a large significant difference of 17.3 points on the mental scale (79.5 vs. 96.8, respectively) and 11.8 points on the motor scale (84.8 vs. 96.6, respectively) at 18 months. By seven years, the difference in IQ scores remained, although of a smaller magnitude at 1.9 points between mean chronological and corrected age scoring (97.2 vs. 99.1, respectively). Conclusion Consistent with previous literature, outcome assessments for preterm infants consistently differed according to use of chronological or corrected age to standardized scores. Cognitive scores were impacted more severely than motor scores, and differences were more substantial in early childhood than later in childhood. For clinical purposes, correction for preterm birth is only likely to have an impact during early childhood, however assessments for research purposes should continue to correct into childhood to account for the persistent bias due to preterm birth.

Sturge-Weber syndrome: Clinico-neuroradiological features and treatment profile

Introduction: Sturge Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare, nonhereditary genetic disorder. SWS belongs to a diverse group of Neurocutaneous disorders. A somatic mutation in the early development of cells in SWS patients causes the formation of a congenital capillary vascular malformation. SWS is characterized by nevus flammeus on the face (also called Port-Wine Birthmark), brain (leptomeningeal angioma), and eyes (glaucoma). Methods and Materials: We present three patients diagnosed with Sturge Weber syndrome who attended a teaching hospital between 2013 to 2016. The clinical, neuroradiological features and treatment of SWS patients were reviewed retrospectively from medical records. Results: Two males and females with SWS were reviewed. The facial nevus flammeus was unilateral in one patient and bilateral in two patients. The extensive nevus flammeus including the face, trunk, and upper limb was found in one patient. Epilepsy, neurodevelopmental delay, and intellectual disability were the most common presentation in the series. Episodic hemiparesis was manifested in one patient. Levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine, either single or combined, were used in every SWS patient (n=3). Six months seizure-free was obtained in a patient with SWS with combined anticonvulsant therapy. Conclusion: Drug-refractory and early-age epilepsy is associated with lower intelligence level that consequently affects poor social skill and quality of life in the patients with SWS. Sudden or gradual loss of vision is also a threat for SWS patients. Diagnosis at birth or during early age, multidisciplinary intervention, and follow-up is a must to improve absolute outcomes in the patients with SWS.

Decoding State Vaccination Rates Using Intelligence Quotient, Income, and Political Affiliation

The objective of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with lower COVID-19 vaccination rates in the United States. The study evaluated the effect of red-blue political affiliation, and the effect of the US state's average intelligence quotient (IQ) and per capita income on states vaccination rates. The study found that states with concomitantly lower income along with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) are less vaccinated while the states with higher income have higher vaccination rates even among those with lower intelligence quotients. These findings stayed significant after adjusting for red-blue political affiliation where states with red political affiliation have lower vaccination rates. Further study is needed to evaluate how to stop online misinformation among low-income low intelligence quotient states and whether such an effort will increase overall vaccination rates in the United States.

Decoding the Risk of Accepting Online Misinformation Using Intelligence Quotient and Income

The object of the study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with accepting online misinformation about COVID-19 vaccination in the United States. The percentages of fully vaccinated people, with regards to COVID-19, were considered as a surrogate measure of accepting online misinformation. The study evaluated the impact of the US state's average intelligence quotient (IQ) and per capita income on accepting misinformation. The study found that socio-demographic groups with lower income along with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) are more vulnerable to online misinformation theories surrounding COVID-19. Further study is needed to evaluate how to increase the intelligence quotient among low-income individuals and whether such an effort will reduce the acceptance of misinformation among the vulnerable population in the United States.

Neonatal hyperglycaemia is associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants

ObjectiveTo assess the associations between neonatal hyperglycaemia and insulin treatment, versus long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born extremely preterm.Design and settingObservational national cohort study (Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study) using prospectively and retrospectively collected data. Neurodevelopmental assessment was performed at 6.5 years of age.Patients533 infants born <27 gestational weeks during 2004–2007; 436 survivors were assessed at 6.5 years.Outcome measuresNeurodevelopmental disability (NDD), survival without moderate to severe NDD, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV Full scale intelligence quotient (WISC-IV FSIQ) and Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (MABC-2) total score.ResultsDuration of neonatal hyperglycaemia >8 mmol/L was associated with WISC-IV scores—for each day with hyperglycaemia there was a decrease of 0.33 points (95% CI 0.03 to 0.62) in FSIQ. Neonatal hyperglycaemia >8 mmol/L occurring on 3 consecutive days was associated with lower MABC-2 scores (adjusted mean difference: −4.90; 95% CI −8.90 to −0.89). For each day with hyperglycaemia >8 mmol/L, there was a decrease of 0.55 points (95% CI 0.17 to 0.93) in MABC-2 total score. Insulin treatment was not associated with any of the outcome measures.ConclusionNeonatal hyperglycaemia >8 mmol/L was associated with lower intelligence scores and worse motor outcomes at 6.5 years of age. Insulin treatment was not associated with either worsened or improved neurodevelopmental outcomes. Randomised controlled trials are needed to clarify the role of insulin in treating hyperglycaemia in extremely preterm infants.

Individual Differences in Intertemporal Choice

Intertemporal choice involves deciding between smaller, sooner and larger, later rewards. People tend to prefer smaller rewards that are available earlier to larger rewards available later, a phenomenon referred to as temporal or delay discounting. Despite its ubiquity in human and non-human animals, temporal discounting is subject to considerable individual differences. Here, we provide a critical narrative review of this literature and make suggestions for future work. We conclude that temporal discounting is associated with key socio-economic and health-related variables. Regarding personality, large-scale studies have found steeper temporal discounting to be associated with higher levels of self-reported impulsivity and extraversion; however, effect sizes are small. Temporal discounting correlates negatively with future-oriented cognitive styles and inhibitory control, again with small effect sizes. There are consistent associations between steeper temporal discounting and lower intelligence, with effect sizes exceeding those of personality or cognitive variables, although socio-demographic moderator variables may play a role. Neuroimaging evidence of brain structural and functional correlates is not yet consistent, neither with regard to areas nor directions of effects. Finally, following early candidate gene studies, recent Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) approaches have revealed the molecular genetic architecture of temporal discounting to be more complex than initially thought. Overall, the study of individual differences in temporal discounting is a maturing field that has produced some replicable findings. Effect sizes are small-to-medium, necessitating future hypothesis-driven work that prioritizes large samples with adequate power calculations. More research is also needed regarding the neural origins of individual differences in temporal discounting as well as the mediating neural mechanisms of associations of temporal discounting with personality and cognitive variables.

Causal associations of intelligence with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Background Intelligence is inversely associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD); it remains unclear whether low intelligence is a cause or consequence. We investigated causal associations of intelligence with SCZ or BD risk and a shared risk between SCZ and BD and SCZ-specific risk. Methods To estimate putative causal associations, we performed multi-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Mendelian randomization (MR) using generalized summary-data-based MR (GSMR). Summary-level datasets from five GWASs (intelligence, SCZ vs. control [CON], BD vs. CON, SCZ + BD vs. CON, and SCZ vs. BD; sample sizes of up to 269,867) were utilized. Results A strong bidirectional association between risks for SCZ and BD was observed (odds ratio; ORSCZ → BD = 1.47, p = 2.89 × 10−41, ORBD → SCZ = 1.44, p = 1.85 × 10−52). Low intelligence was bidirectionally associated with a high risk for SCZ, with a stronger effect of intelligence on SCZ risk (ORlower intelligence → SCZ = 1.62, p = 3.23 × 10−14) than the reverse (ORSCZ → lower intelligence = 1.06, p = 3.70 × 10−23). Furthermore, low intelligence affected a shared risk between SCZ and BD (OR lower intelligence → SCZ + BD = 1.23, p = 3.41 × 10−5) and SCZ-specific risk (ORlower intelligence → SCZvsBD = 1.64, p = 9.72 × 10−10); the shared risk (ORSCZ + BD → lower intelligence = 1.04, p = 3.09 × 10−14) but not SCZ-specific risk (ORSCZvsBD → lower intelligence = 1.00, p = 0.88) weakly affected low intelligence. Conversely, there was no significant causal association between intelligence and BD risk (p > 0.05). Conclusions These findings support observational studies showing that patients with SCZ display impairment in premorbid intelligence and intelligence decline. Moreover, a shared factor between SCZ and BD might contribute to impairment in premorbid intelligence and intelligence decline but SCZ-specific factors might be affected by impairment in premorbid intelligence. We suggest that patients with these genetic factors should be categorized as having a cognitive disorder SCZ or BD subtype.