Physico-chemical properties of grain of different ripening soft winter wheat varieties under different fertilizer systems

Aims. To determine the formation of physico-chemical properties of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat grain under different fertilizer systems in a field crop rotation. Methods. Laboratory, mathematical and statistical, physicochemical. Results. The article presents the formation of physico-chemical properties (thousand grain weight, grain unit, hardness index, protein content) of different ripening varieties of soft winter wheat grain under different fertilizer systems in the field crop rotation. On average, over two years of research, thousand grain weight of KWS Emil soft winter wheat increased from 37.2 to 38.5 g, depending on the fertilizer system. The use of all types of fertilizers increased it by 3 % compared to areas without fertilizers. There is no significant difference between fertilizer application systems in the field crop rotation. The high stability index (0.96–1.00) of thousand grain weight formation under growing both varieties indicates a slight influence of weather conditions of the growing season. Thus, in 2020 this figure increased from 37.1 to 38.3 g, and in 2021 – from 37.2 to 39.1 g. In Rino variety, thousand grain weight was significantly higher than in KWS Emil variety by 16–17 %. The application of 75 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizers increased it from 43.2 g to 43.6–43.8 g or only by 1 %, and at a double dose – to 44.8–45.2 g, or by 4–5 %. The efficiency of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers was higher than the cultivation of KWS Emil, and lower in Rino. The grain unit of both soft winter wheat varieties increased both on average and over the years of research with a stability index of 0.98–1.00. Thus, on average over two years of research, it increased in KWS Emil variety from 771 to 779–789 g/l or 1–2 % depending on the fertilizer system. Rino grain had 6% more grain unit compared to KWS Emil. On average, it increased from 820 to 831–838 g/l per fertilizer application or only by 1–2 %. Conclusions. It is established that the physico-chemical properties of grain change depending on the fertilizer system, variety and weather conditions of the growing season. Rino grain has higher physico-chemical properties. Thus, thousand grain weight increases from 43.2 to 43.6–45.2 g, grain unit – from 820 to 831–838 g/l, protein content – from 14.4 to 15.4–16.4 %, depending on the fertilizer system, hardness type – hard-grained. In KWS Emil variety, thousand grain weight increases from 37.2 to 38.3–38.5 g, grain unit – from 771 to 779–789 g/l, protein content – from 11.7 to 12.3–13.7 % depending on the fertilizer system, hardness type – soft-grained.

Influence of long-term fertilization on yield and quality of spring triticale grain

Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a promising cereal crop that has a number of economically valuable properties that are absent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine) in a long-term stationary experiment, founded in 1964. The aim of the work was to study the influence of long-term application of different fertilizer systems (mineral, organic and organo-mineral) on the yield and grain quality of spring triticale. It has been established that in the conditions of high air temperature and soil moisture deficit, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have an advantage. In sufficient wet conditions, all studied fertilizer systems are highly efficient. Spring triticale (Kharkiv Hlibodar variety) has a high reaction to fertilizers, as grain yield increases from 6.3–6.6 to 9.0–9.5 t ha-1 (р≤0.05). Mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have the greatest effect on protein content. In conditions of sufficient moisture, all levels of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems significantly increase the protein content in spring triticale grain. In arid conditions, saturation of crop rotation area with N90P90K90 (M2), N135P135K135 (M3) and Manure 9 t +N46P68K36 (OM2), Manure 13.5 t + N69P102K54 (OM3) is preferred. It should be noted that spring triticale is quite reactive with fertilizers, as the protein content increases from 13.2–14.0 to 15.2–16.0% (р≤0.05) depending on the fertilizer system. The high influence of fertilizer system and year factors on yield and protein content in triticale grain has been established. It should be noted that spring triticale grain yield varies most from the weather conditions of the growing season.

The effect of mineral and organomineral fertilizers on the yield of winter wheat on the southern black soil in the condi-tions of the Lower Don

Field experiments were conducted in 2017-2020 on the southern black soil in the conditions of the Lower Don. The Doneko winter wheat variety was sown. The predecessor of wheat is corn for grain. Mineral fertilizers were represented by ammonium nitrate (34.4%), nitroammophosk (16-16-16) and carbamide (46%), which acted as a background option in the scheme of the ex-periment. Organomineral fertilizers were preceded by the following agrochemicals: Ruther, Leyli 2000, Alga 1000/Turbo, Siamino Pro, Gumiful Pro, Soft Garden (Master Green Mix) and Double Vine (Monocaliphosphate). In the experiment, options for the joint use of non-root application and pre-sowing seed treatment with organomineral fertilizers were also studied. It was found that the use of organomineral fertilizers Ruther (0.5 or 0.25 l/ton) and Leyli (0.25 l/ton) for seed treatment before sowing, the use of Soft Guard (0.2 l/ha) and Humiful Pro (0.2 l/ha) in spring tillering and in the flag leaf phase against the background of a starter treatment mineral fertilizer in the form of azofoska at a dose of N32P32K32, fertilizing on frozen-thawed soil with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N40 and non-root topdressing with carbamide in the phase, earing at a dose of N20 increased the increase in grain yield on average for 3 years compared to the control variant (farm fertilizer system) by 0.73 t/ha or by 23.0%. The greatest increase in yield from the Router root-forming agent used for seed treatment was 0.36 t/ha or 11.3%. Keywords: WINTER WHEAT, MINERAL FERTILIZERS, ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZERS, YIELD

BASIC NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION AND REMOVAL WITH RAPESEED SEEDS WHEN APPLYING DIFFERENT FERTILIZER COMBINATIONS

In the context of different fertilizer combination applica-tion (urea-ammonia liquor KAS-32, liquid complex fertilizer ZhKU, and compound NPK fertilizerDiammophoska) N89P26K26S14, N70P26K26S14, N73P39K13S14, N89P39K13S14, N87P37S14and N71P37S14, we revealed increased removal of CaO to 15.6-20 kg ha as opposed to 13.8 kg ha in the con-trol; MgO to 12.3-16 kg ha compared to 10.2 kg ha in the control. Taking into account Ca and Mg removal without return, it requires the introduction of compound fertilizers containing these nutrients into the fertilizer system. Nitro-gen removal was 110.3-165.5 kg ha compared to 102.6 kg ha, and sulfur -10.9-12.8 kg ha compared to 7.8 kg ha in the control. The S/N ratio ranged from 8.9-15.4 compared to 14 in the control. For the most part, it was equal to 10.7-12.9 which was indicative of satisfactory sulfur supply to oil seed rape crops and the need to increase sulfur dose to 21-28 kg ha. The largest removal of all nutrients was found inthe variants with N73P39K13S14and N71P37S14; the highest yield was formed with N73P39K13S14with N:P:K removal ratio of 1:0.39:0.21

EVALUATION OF REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS WITH PHYTOMASS ANNUAL HERBS WHEN USING VARIOUS FERTILIZER SYSTEMS

Under the conditions of a lysimetric experiment on podzolic chernozem, it was found that the use of dolomite flour contributed to a decrease in the mobility of metals and their translocation into crop products, which was reflected in a decrease in their removal relative to the background. The use of mineral fertilizers by increasing the yield of phytomass contributed to an increase in the removal of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium from the soil. The largest total removal of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium with the phytomass of annual grasses (8,035 mg/m2) is observed when using a mineral fertilizer system, and the smallest removal of the indicated metals is observed when using lime without manure (5,092 mg/m2).

The content of exchangeable potassium in the soil depending on the method of tillage and meteorological factors

The article is a continuation of a series of publications on the results of the study of nutrient elements in the soil-plant system against the background of global and regional climate change, given the possibility of minimizing tillage. In the conditions of stationary field experiment on ordinary chernozem (Calcic Chernozem) in the Donetsk region for five years (1994-1998) it was monitored the content of exchangeable potassium in the arable layer of the soil under the row crop corn within the grain-growing crop rotation on the options of plowing and subsurface non-turning tillage under the same mineral fertilizer system. At the same time, the dynamics of precipitation and air and soil temperature were recorded. According to the results of research, it is a steady effect of meteorological factors on the level of potassium nutrition of plants and a general tendency to decrease the average level of exchangeable potassium contents in the soil under vegetative plants of maize within the arable layer, mainly due to layers of 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm. It is shown that for plowing the optimum of humidity of the previous year is characterized by hydrothermal coefficient of Selianinov (HTC) 1.0, and for subsurface non-turning tillage - 1.25. With a very dry (HTC 1.5), subsurface non-turning tillage may be more favorable for potassium mobility. But within the HTC 0.5-1.5 is more acceptable plowing. It is determined that the refusal to plowing leads to a decrease in the dependence of potassium mobility in the soil layer 0-30 cm on temperature, protecting from temperature fixation of potassium, and enhances the influence of the humidification regime in May. But dry and cool autumn is a likely cause of reduced potassium mobility without plowing. All conclusions are confirmed by the results of correlation, regression and variance (ANOVA) analysis.

Ecological and economical aspects of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing on sod-podzolic soil depending on fertilization and amelioration

Assessment of the state and changes forecast of balances of humus and nutrients under the influence of anthropogenic factors, in particular fertilizers which are the criteria for environmental monitoring is given in the article. At the same time, the introduction of an environmentally friendly fertilizer system should ensure the economic efficiency of growing crops on a par with the preservation of soil fertility. The aim was to study the influence of the system of winter wheat fertilization on the balance of humus and nutrient elements on sod-podzolic soil and to establish the economic efficiency in research’s variants. The fertilizer system includes variants with amelioration a 1,0 dose of dolomite flour by the hydrolytic acidity (Hh), mineral fertilizers N120Р60K90 with addition of sulfur S40 and microfertilizer Nutrivant Plus Cereals (2 kg/ha) in foliar application. Methods of research were field trials, calculation, comparative and statistical analysis. Research’s results. Ploughing of plants by-products of back into soil is a source of organic carbon and nutrients. The yield of winter wheat straw in the variants changed from 2.04 to 4.47 t/ha. The largest amount of root (1.27 t/ha) and surface (1.47 t/ha) residues were provided by application 1.0 dose CaMg(CO3)2 and N120Р60K90 with the addition of S40 and microfertilizer Nutrivant Plus Cereals. The above fertilizer system provided a positive humus balance of 1.39 t/ha. The difference of data in variants with and without straw showed that due to straw ploughing in the soil accumulated up to 27–31% of the relative values of the newly formed humus. Optimization of the nutrition conditions due to fertilizers and liming caused an increase uptake of nutrients by culture, which together with unproductive losses led to a decrease of elements balance. At the same time, an increase the elements removal occurred at indicators of the intensity of NPK balance above 100%. This allowed us to conclude that the winter wheat fertilization of N120Р60K90 with the addition S40 and microfertilizer in combination with 1Hh dose of dolomite flour provides extension of sod-podzolic soil fertility along with increasing economic profitability of wheat cultivation. In this case, the grain yield of 3.85 t/ha contributed to the highest (1.52 UAH/ha) payback of fertilizer and liming.

Рeculiarities of sunflower (Helianthus L.) growing on dried tury-podzolistic soil in the conditions of climate change

In the conditions of global warming, the area of cultivation of thermophilic crops, in particular sunflower, is shifted from the southern regions of cultivation to the Polissya zone. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the efficiency of growing sunflower on drained soils without regulating the water regime with different fertilizer systems. The study analyzes the state of moisture supply of drained sod-podzolic soil during the growing season 2018–2019. It is established that in the summer total reserves of productive moisture in the 0–100 cm soil layer decreased to critical parameters (60 mm), and the groundwater level dropped to 2.5–3.0 m (depth bookmarks drains — 1.1 m). The results of the influence of different levels of fertilizer on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds (Jason hybrid), which was placed in the crop rotation after winter wheat, are presented. It is established that in the conditions of deficit of moisture in the soil, use of the norm of mineral fertilizers recommended for the Polissya zone (N60P60K90) with 40 t/ha of manure, increased 1.5 times more than norm (N90P90K135) against 4,0 t/ha of straw and the recommended one — against the background of straw and foliar fertilization with microfertilizer Yarilo were equivalent. When using them, the same seed yield was obtained — at the level of 2.30–2.33 t/ha. When applying the recommended rate of mineral fertilizers in conjunction with the straw of the predecessor, there was a decrease in seed yield by an average of 14.0%. Double fertilization of crops with complex chelated microfertilizerYarilo significantly increased the yield of sunflower on the options without mineral fertilizers and when using N60P60K90 on a background of straw. The oil content in the seeds was 47.5–50.1%, no significant dependence on the fertilizer system was observed. The most cost-effective fertilizer system was identified — N60P60K90 compatible with straw and microfertilizer Yarilo, at which the yield of sunflower seeds was 2.3 t/ha and the level of profitability was 43.5%.

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF MIGRATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE AND BIOGENIC ELEMENTS IN SOD-PODZOLIC SOIL DEPENDING ON FERTILIZATION SYSTEM AND MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS

Objective. To study special aspects of vertical migration of products of biological transformation of organic matter and biogenic elements in sod-podzolic soil under different modes of root nutrition of plants. Methods. Lysimetric experiment, agrochemical, mathematical and statistical. Results. Based on studies conducted in a long-term lysimetric experiment on sod-podzolic soil, periodically washed type of water regime was established, as a result of which 37 mm of moisture, 23 kg/ha of water-soluble humic substances, nitrogen (NO3–) 55 kg/ha, calcium oxide 91 kg/ha and magnesium oxide 26 kg/ha magnesium oxide is lost at the background without inoculation per crop rotation when using mineral fertilization system. The use of microbial preparations reduces the loss of these elements to 33 mm, 20 kg/ha, 52 kg/ha, 83 kg/ha and 25 kg/ha, respectively. It was established that the average infiltration of moisture from the layer 0–155 cm under crops of continuous sowing was 25–37 mm at the background without the use of microbial preparations and 22–33 mm at the background of inoculation. The mineral fertilizer system increased the losses of the soil solution by 9 mm and 7 mm versus the control variants, respective to the backgrounds. The lowest losses of productive moisture were reported in the variants where sidereal fertilizers were used. When replacing the mineral fertilization system with sidereal-mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers without compromising the yield of crop rotations, it is possible to reduce the loss of productive moisture by 1.5 times, reduce the loss of labile soil organic matter by 1.7–1.8 times, nitrate nitrogen by 8–10 %, calcium by 18–24 % and magnesium by 40–50 %. Due to the use of biopreparations, there is a reduction in losses of nitrate nitrogen by 5–18 %, magnesium — by 5–14 %, calcium — by 6–16 %. Conclusion. To reduce non-productive losses of moisture, water-soluble organic matter and biogenic element compounds, it is advisable to use green mass of green manures and microbial preparations at the background of the mineral system and fertilizer system NPK+manure. The use of microbial preparations helps to reduce the loss of nitrate nitrogen by 5–18 %, magnesium — by 5–14 %, calcium — by 6–16 %.