serous layer
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2022 ◽  
Vol 934 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Erken ◽  
F. Romanò ◽  
J.B. Grotberg ◽  
M. Muradoglu

Capillary instability of a two-layer liquid film lining a rigid tube is studied computationally as a model for liquid plug formation and closure of human airways. The two-layer liquid consists of a serous layer, also called the periciliary liquid layer, at the inner side and a mucus layer at the outer side. Together, they form the airway surface liquid lining the airway wall and surrounding an air core. Liquid plug formation occurs due to Plateau–Rayleigh instability when the liquid film thickness exceeds a critical value. Numerical simulations are performed for the entire closure process, including the pre- and post-coalescence phases. The mechanical stresses and their gradients on the airway wall are investigated for physiologically relevant ranges of the mucus-to-serous thickness ratio, the viscosity ratio, and the air–mucus and serous–mucus surface tensions encompassing healthy and pathological conditions of a typical adult human lung. The growth rate of the two-layer model is found to be higher in comparison with a one-layer equivalent configuration. This leads to a much sooner closure in the two-layer model than that in the corresponding one-layer model. Moreover, it is found that the serous layer generally provides an effective protection to the pulmonary epithelium against high shear stress excursions and their gradients. A linear stability analysis is also performed, and the results are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the simulations. Finally, a secondary coalescence that may occur during the post-closure phase is investigated.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence D. Welch ◽  
Salima Shafi ◽  
Jae K. Oh

The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The serous layer covers the surface of the heart and the proximal portion of the large vessels (visceral pericardium), folds back on itself, and lines the fibrous layer (parietal pericardium). Normal pericardial thickness is less than or equal to 2 mm. The space between the visceral and the parietal layer forms the pericardial cavity, which normally contains 10 to 50 mL of fluid. The pericardium lubricates and reduces friction, serves as a barrier against infection, maintains the heart in a relatively stable position within the thoracic cavity, and prevents acute distention of the cardiac chambers. None of these functions, however, is essential for life, and the pericardium may, in fact, be absent at birth. This review contains 16 figures, 1 table, and 50 references. Key Words: Pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence D. Welch ◽  
Salima Shafi ◽  
Jae K. Oh

The pericardium consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer. The serous layer covers the surface of the heart and the proximal portion of the large vessels (visceral pericardium), folds back on itself, and lines the fibrous layer (parietal pericardium). Normal pericardial thickness is less than or equal to 2 mm. The space between the visceral and the parietal layer forms the pericardial cavity, which normally contains 10 to 50 mL of fluid. The pericardium lubricates and reduces friction, serves as a barrier against infection, maintains the heart in a relatively stable position within the thoracic cavity, and prevents acute distention of the cardiac chambers. None of these functions, however, is essential for life, and the pericardium may, in fact, be absent at birth. This review contains 16 figures, 1 table, and 50 references. Key Words: Pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium


2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cahit A. Evrensel ◽  
Halil R. Öz ◽  
Peter E. Krumpe ◽  
Amgad A. Hassan

Abstract Epithelia of conducting airways is lined with a layer of mucus above a layer of serous fluid. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel, while the serous layer is identified as “watery”. In normal airways, the mucociliary transport system forms the primary basis for clearance of mucus. Dehydration results in the disappearance of serous layer and impairs the mucociliary clearance. For these persons two-phase gas-liquid flow and cough become the dominant mechanisms.


Biorheology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Agarwal ◽  
M. King ◽  
B.K. Rubin ◽  
J.B. Shukla
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