Effect of Differential Substitution of Nutrients through Organics on Growth, Quality, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata) in Shiwalik Foothill Region

Background: Green gram is one of the ancient and third important conventional pulse crop cultivated throughout India and acclimatized over wide range of agro-climatic zones for its multipurpose uses. Furthermore, imbalanced and inappropriate use of inorganic nutrients worsened the soil resource base by reducing the population of beneficial micro-organisms and also deteriorated the quality of the crops. Increased health consciousness among the masses has augmented the demand for safe and quality foods for which a comprehensive food production technology needs to be developed with emphasises on quality enhancement and yield stability. In fact, it is not affordable for an average Indian farmer to jump immediately from inorganic source of nutrients to organics in their crop production as it may lead to unbearable drastic reduction in crop yields in the initial years. This may become possible through the progressive substitution of organic sources of nutrients in place of in organics to meet crop nutrient requirement for attaining higher and stable crop yield of better quality with an improvement in soil health. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of differential substitution of nutrients through organics on growth, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and economics of green gram in Shiwalik foothill region.Methods: In this field experiment conducted during summer 2016 and 2017, at SKUAST-Jammu, Main Campus Chatha with green gram variety SML-668 on sandy clay loam soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with sixteen treatments during both the years using recommended package and practices.Result: The result of the study concluded that RDF and 75% NPK +25% N through Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) were adjudged as the best treatments with regard to crop growth parameters, yield and yield attributes, net returns and benefit cost ratio where as highest crop quality traits were realized where in 100% N was substituted through FYM followed by Vermicompost and Vermicompost and FYM (1:1). Treatment 100% N was substituted through FYM was adjudged as the best treatment in improving crop quality traits and soil properties. Further, for substitution of nutrients, green gram, for immediate shifting from in organics to organics combination of Vermicompost and FYM (1:1) can be the best option for early realization of yield at par with recommended dose of fertilizer.

Dynamics of solitons to the coupled sine-Gordon equation in nonlinear optics

This paper employs the principle of undetermined coefficients to establish the hyperbolic and trigonometric function solutions of the coupled sine-Gordon equation (CSGE) which describes the propagation of an optical pulse in fiber waveguide. Lie point symmetry of the CSGE is derived. Previously, it was noticed that the concept of nonlinear self-adjointness (NSA) was not applied on the equation under consideration. Here, we apply the concept of NSA to find an explicit form of the differential substitution. By means of the obtained substitution, we establish a new variant of conserved vectors by a new conservation theorem.

EFFECTIVE MEDIUM APPROXIMATION FOR CONDUCTIVITY OF COATED-INCLUSION COMPOSITES WITH ANISOTROPIC COATING

Effective medium approximations are developed to estimate the macroscopic conductivity of coated-inclusion composites with thin anisotropic coating. The two-phase coated-inclusion are substituted by equivalent one-phase inclusion, using the multi-coated spheres assemblage and the differential substitution approaches. Then, the usual effective medium approximation schemes are applied to the equivalent medium to estimate the conductivity of original three-phase composites. The results obtained were compared with the numerical simulation by finite element method in 2D show the effectiveness of the methods.

Optimal system, nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws for generalized shallow water wave equation

In this article, the generalized shallow water wave (GSWW) equation is studied from the perspective of one dimensional optimal systems and their conservation laws (Cls). Some reduction and a new exact solution are obtained from known solutions to one dimensional optimal systems. Some of the solutions obtained involve expressions with Bessel function and Airy function [1,2,3]. The GSWW is a nonlinear self-adjoint (NSA) with the suitable differential substitution, Cls are constructed using the new conservation theorem.

The Lagrangian, Self-Adjointness, and Conserved Quantities for a Generalized Regularized Long-Wave Equation

We consider the Lagrangian and the self-adjointness of a generalized regularized long-wave equation and its transformed equation. We show that the third-order equation has a nonlocal Lagrangian with an auxiliary function and is strictly self-adjoint; its transformed equation is nonlinearly self-adjoint and the minimal order of the differential substitution is equal to one. Then by Ibragimov’s theorem on conservation laws we obtain some conserved qualities of the generalized regularized long-wave equation.

The differential substitution of English /θ ð/ in French

Summary One of the most interesting problems in second-language (L2) phonology is how to account for differential substitution. This is the phenomenon by which speakers who lack a certain segment (sequence) in their first language (L1) may adopt alternative language-specific replacement strategies in the L2 they are attempting to acquire. It has recently been claimed by Weinberger (1997) that the reason why, for example, Japanese learners of English systematically replace English /θ ð/ by /s z/ while their Russian counterparts always substitute /t d/ is that fricatives are unspecified for the feature [continuant] in Japanese while in Russian, the stops constitute the default obstruents. What is argued here is that this analysis in terms of Underspecification Theory cannot possibly work in the case of European and Canadian French which evince an equally systematic differential substitution of /θ ð/ to /s z/ and /t d/ respectively even though they have an identical system of underlying obstuents. It is also suggested that a perception-based approach to the thorny problem of differential substitution would appear to be a much more promising avenue of research.