Measuring Hypocotyl Length in Arabidopsis

The use of fungi in seed treatment can improve the plant's physiological characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of Trichoderma harzianum on the physiological quality of bean seeds. The experiment was set up and conducted in the forest seed laboratory of the Federal University of Western Para, in a randomized design, using 4 procedures on the basis of a colony forming unit (CFU): T1 (0 CFU), T2 (4 x 109 CFU), T3 (8 x 109 CFU) and T4 (12 x 109 CFU), with 5 repetitions. Germination percentage (G%), germination speed index (GSI), hypocotyl length (HL) and radicle length (RL) were evaluated as variables. The data were analyzed by variance analysis and the averages were compared using the Tukey test (p≤0.05), in addition to the regression analysis, using the Minitab© version 18 statistical software. There were differences between the germination percentage tests, in which T2 obtained 100% of germinated seeds, for GSI it was observed that T2 and T3 were equal and superior to the other treatments, while for RL T1 and T2 obtained the best results, however, for HL there were no statistical differences between treatments. T2 was more efficient in the physiological quality of seeds to germination percentage and germination speed index

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Does Deep-Underground Storage Stimulate the Germination of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Seed?

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n6p23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Yuxin He ◽

Chao Liu ◽

Heping Xie ◽

Jingchen Wang ◽

Yang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Storage ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Underground Storage ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Short Term ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

The Earth ◽

Deep Underground ◽

Compensatory Effect

Agriculture is a crucial area to be considered when exploring and exploiting the use of deep-underground space. We investigated the feasibility of deep-underground seed storage by keeping canola seed in either envelopes or sealed packages at four depths below the Earth’s surface (0, 240, 690, and 1410 m) at a gold mine in northeastern China. We studied the effects of storage depth and duration by conducting germination tests with the stored seed. The results showed that the rate of germination was reduced in seed stored at deeper levels and was also lower at all depths after a more prolonged period of storage. Seeds from sealed packages exhibited better resistance to the deep-underground environment than seeds kept in envelopes. However, measurements of hypocotyl lengths and biomass accumulation revealed that the germination of seeds stored in deep-underground was initially inhibited but recovered well compared with the control as the storage depth increased. The total biomass of the hypocotyl increased as the depth of seed storage deepened, indicating the existence of a compensatory effect on seed germination. The findings suggest that short-term deep-underground storage of seeds in sealed packages would improve the germination performance of cultivated canola in terms of the hypocotyl length and biomass accumulation and might be considered as a pre-sowing strategy.

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The influence of cadmium and lead on Ulmus pumila L. seed germination and early seedling growth

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1401253d ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 253-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matilda Djukic ◽

Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic ◽

Sladjana Samuilov

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Soil Reclamation ◽

Ulmus Pumila ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Fast Growing ◽

Early Seedling ◽

Cadmium And Lead ◽

Hydroponically Grown ◽

Early Seedling Development

The aim of this paper was to examine how the heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) influence the germination and early growth of seedlings of the fast-growing tree species Ulmus pumila L. Seeds were germinated and seedlings were hydroponically grown in a solution with Cd-nitrate and Pb-nitrate at concentrations of 20 ?M, 50 ?M and 90 ?M. Our results show that seeds can germinate in the presence of these two heavy metals at all of the applied concentrations with no significant reduction in qualitative (germination capacity, germination energy) or quantitative (germination intensity, mean germination period) germination parameters as compared to the controls. Early seedling development was also possible at higher concentrations of both heavy metals. Cd reduced hypocotyl length, but not significantly the length of radicles. Pb did not influence hypocotyl length and stimulated radicle length significantly (95%). These results could mark a step forward in defining the tolerance of U. pumila to the presence of Cd and Pb, and to the possibility of using this fast-growing tree which is resistant to different abiotic and biotic stresses, for phytoremediation or soil reclamation purposes.

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Identification of geneticaly modified soybean seeds resistant to glyphosate

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162004000300017 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 336-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Maria Ângela André Tillmann ◽

Shirlie West

Keyword(s):

Genetically Modified ◽

Soybean Seeds ◽

Germination Test ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Genetically Modified Soybean ◽

Paper Towel ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Physiological Quality ◽

Resistance Trait ◽

Moist Paper Towel

Advances in genetic engineering permit the modification of plants to be tolerant to certain herbicides that are usually not selective. For practical and commercial purposes, it is important to be able to detect the presence or absence of these traits in genotypes. The objective of this research was to develop a procedure for identifying genetically modified soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) with resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. Two studies were conducted based on germination test. In the first study, soybean seeds were pre-imbibed in paper towel with the herbicide solutions, then transferred to moist paper towel for the germination test. In the second study, seeds were placed directly in herbicide solutions in plastic cups and tested for germination using the paper towel method. Eight soybean genotypes were compared: four Roundup Ready, that contained the gene resistant to the herbicide (G99-G725, Prichard RR, G99-G6682, and H7242 RR) and four non-transgenic parental cultivars (Boggs, Haskell, Benning, and Prichard). In the first study, the seeds were imbibed for 16 hours at 25°C in herbicide concentrations between 0.0 and 1.5% of the glyphosate active ingredient. In the second, seeds were subjected to concentrations between 0.0 and 0.48%, for one hour, at 30°C. The evaluation parameters were: germination, hypocotyl length, root length and total length of the seedlings. Both methods are efficient in identifying glyphosate-resistant soybean genotypes. It is possible to identify the genetically modified soybean genotypes after three days, by imbibing the seed in 0.12% herbicide solution, and after six days if the substrate is pre-imbibed in a 0.6% herbicide solution. The resistance trait was identified in all cultivars, independent of the initial physiological quality of the seed.

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Heat Stress Affects the Physiological and Biochemical Quality of Dalbergia nigra Seeds in vitro

Forest Science ◽

10.1093/forsci/fxab036 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ingridh Medeiros Simões ◽

Julcinara Oliveira Baptista ◽

Thuanny Lins Monteiro Rosa ◽

Tamyris de Mello ◽

Caroline Palacio de Araujo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Economic Interest ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Sharp Drop ◽

Dalbergia Nigra ◽

Biochemical Quality ◽

Physiological And Biochemical

Abstract The jacaranda of Bahia (Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth) is an endemic tree of a Brazilian neotropical biodiversity hotspot and is of great ecological and economic interest. Given the threat of extinction due to timber overexploitation and climate change, the present study aimed to analyze the physiological and biochemical quality of D. nigra seeds exposed to heat stress. The seeds were sown in a test tube containing woody plant culture medium, kept in a biochemical oxygen demand chamber at 45°C for 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, and then maintained in the same chamber at 25°C for 30 days. Physiological analyses of moisture, electrical conductivity, germination speed index, normal and abnormal seedlings, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl length, collar diameter, seedling and root dry mass, and Dickson quality index revealed a drop in germination and vigor with prolonged heat stress, dropping from 95% to 0% between 0 and 96 hours. This was accompanied by a reduction in the content of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Therefore, the vigor and quality of seedlings is negatively influenced by exposure to heat stress at 45°C. Study Implications: Dalbergia nigra is a species of high economic interest due to its high-quality wood. In the face of climate change, it is necessary to understand the behavior of seeds under temperature above the ideal. The quality and vigor of seedlings produced in vitro at a temperature of 45°C are negatively affected with the increase in hours of heat stress. In addition, the contents of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins present in the seed reserves show a sharp drop with heat stress. Ultimately, heat stress significantly affects seed biochemistry and subsequent seedling physiology.

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Comparison of allelopathic effects of some brassica species in two growth stages on germination and growth of sunflower

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/139/2010-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 52-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

E. Jafariehyazdi ◽

F. Javidfar

Keyword(s):

Germination Rate ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Brassica Spp ◽

Full Flowering ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Two Stages

Members of Brassicaceae have been frequently cited as allelopathic crop. The toxic effect of Brassica spp. may be caused by hydrolysis products of glucosinolates that occur in substantial amounts in the vegetative parts of Brassica spp. This study investigated the allelopathic potential of Brassica napus, B. rapa and B. juncea on the sunflower seed germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of three species from two stages (full flowering and straw) of sampling were separately made with 0 (distilled water), 10, 20, 30 and 40% concentrations. This experiment was conducted in 2 × 3 × 5 factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with five replications. There was a highly significant difference among different concentrations of extracts and also between two stages of extraction. All aqueous extracts significantly affected sunflower germination, germination rate, seedling root and hypocotyl length, fresh and dry matter weight when compared with distilled water control. The greatest concentration showed a stronger inhibitory effect. Root length was more sensitive to extracts than hypocotyl length.

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Effect of salicylic acid on pre-transplant acclimatization of native tomato populations

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620180409 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 480-485

Author(s):

Wilberth A Poot-Poot ◽

Rafael Delgado-Martínez ◽

Sergio Castro-Nava ◽

Ma Teresa Segura-Martínez ◽

Alejandro Carreón-Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Cell Processes ◽

Recorded Data

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) application on pre-transplant acclimatization of native populations of tomato. SA is a growth regulator that modifies plant growth and development by inducing changes in cell processes, physiology and morphology. Five populations of native tomato were sown in polystyrene trays. Peat moss was used as substrate and plants were maintained at field capacity continuously. After emergence, seedlings were applied during three weeks with different concentration of SA (0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μM). A completely random experimental design was used with five replications per treatment. The growth parameters evaluated were height, stem diameter, number of leaves, hypocotyl length, shoot fresh and dry weight (leaves and stem), and root length and fresh and dry weight. An analysis of variance was carried out, and means were compared with the Tukey test (5%) using SAS statistical software. The recorded data show that pre-transplant seedlings of each of the evaluated populations responded significantly (P=0.01) to the SA treatments. Also, the comparison of means of each of the factors under study showed positive changes. With the concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 μM SA, higher values of the studied variables were obtained than with the concentrations 0.01 and 1.0 μM SA. The native tomato populations sprayed with SA at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 μM responded positively in terms of seedling growth and development. Based on these findings, SA treatments can help acclimatize and present better growth conditions to the seedlings before being transplanted.

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Laser Irradiation of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) at Two Wavelengths for Enhanced Seedling Development

International Journal of Optics ◽

10.1155/2019/3479562 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Rayno Vic B. Janayon ◽

Raphael A. Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Laser Irradiation ◽

Vigna Radiata ◽

Mung Bean ◽

Continuous Wave ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Maximum Increase ◽

Bean Seedling ◽

Laser Sources ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Seedling Characteristics

Two laser sources operating at wavelengths of 632.8 nm (He-Ne) and 488 nm (Ar+) are used in examining the effects of coherent, low-power, continuous wave exposure on the development of Vigna radiata L. Presowing laser irradiation of seeds leads to an improvement of mung bean seedling characteristics, with increased values of hypocotyl length (an increase of up to 22.5%), root length (an increase of up to 28.8%), and seedling mass (a maximum increase of 29.2%). Measured parameters between seedlings from laser-irradiated seeds and from control samples are statistically different at a level of significance equal to 0.05. For both laser wavelengths, an optimal exposure time of 2 minutes is determined for enhanced growth of mung bean seedlings.

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Dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants do not express significant sexually dimorphic morphology in the seedling stage

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96311-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lesley G. Campbell ◽

Kristen Peach ◽

Sydney B. Wizenberg

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Research Effort ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Hypocotyl Length ◽

Crop Species ◽

Seedling Morphology

AbstractSome economically important crop species are dioecious, producing pollen and ovules on distinct, unisexual, individuals. On-the-spot diagnosis of sex is important to breeders and farmers for crop improvement and maximizing yield, yet diagnostic tools at the seedling stage are understudied and lack a scientific basis. Understanding sexual dimorphism in juvenile plants may provide key ecological, evolutionary and economic insights into dioecious plant species in addition to improving the process of crop cultivation. To address this gap in the literature, we asked: can we reliably differentiate males, females, and co-sexual individuals based on seedling morphology in Cannabis sativa, and do the traits used to distinguish sex at this stage vary between genotypes? To answer these questions, we collected data on phenotypic traits of 112 C. sativa plants (50 female, 52 male, 10 co-sexuals) from two hemp cultivars (CFX-1, CFX-2) during the second week of vegetative growth and used ANOVAs to compare morphology among sexes. We found males grew significantly longer hypocotyls than females by week 2, but this difference depended on the cultivar investigated. Preliminary evidence suggests that co-sexual plants may be distinguished from male and female plants using short hypocotyl length and seedling height, although this relationship requires more study since sample sizes of co-sexual plants were small. In one of the cultivars, two-week old male plants tend to produce longer hypocotyls than other plants, which may help to identify these plants prior to anthesis. We call for increased research effort on co-sexual plants, given their heavy economic cost in industrial contexts and rare mention in the literature. Our preliminary data suggests that short hypocotyl length may be an indicator of co-sexuality. These results are the first steps towards developing diagnostic tools for predicting sex using vegetative morphology in dioecious species and understanding how sexual dimorphism influences phenotype preceding sexual maturity.

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