scholarly journals Philosophy of CRISPR-Cas: Introduction to Eugene Koonin’s target paper and commentaries

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Pradeu
Keyword(s):  
Target Paper

scholarly journals The conceptualisation, measurement and scope of reinforcement sensitivity in the context of a neuroscience of personality

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke D. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Process Theories ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Reinforcing Stimuli

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) is complex, and there are subtle differences between RST and other approach‐avoidance process theories of personality. However, most such theories posit a common biobehavioural mechanism underlying personality which we must therefore strive to understand: differential sensitivity to reinforcing stimuli. Reinforcement sensitivity is widely assessed using questionnaires, but should we treat such measures as (a) a proxy for reinforcement sensitivity itself (i.e. the underlying causes of personality) or (b) trait constructs potentially manifesting out of reinforcement sensitivity (i.e. the ‘surface’ of personality)? Might neuroscience paradigms, such as those I have reviewed in my target paper, provide an advantage over questionnaires in allowing us to move closer to (a), thereby improving both the measurement and our understanding of reinforcement sensitivity? Assuming we can achieve this, how useful is reinforcement sensitivity—and biological perspectives more generally—for explaining personality? These are the major questions raised in the discussion of my target paper, and among the most pertinent issues in this field today. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Commentary on Microtonal Analysis of "Blue Notes" and the Blues Scale by Court B. Cutting

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Tilo Hähnel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Blues Music ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Empirical Investigations

This commentary discusses the target paper Microtonal Analysis of "Blue Notes" and the Blues Scale by Court B. Cutting. Overall, the paper is an interesting and very valuable attempt to shed light on the intonation practice of blue notes in traditional blues music, using an empirical approach which is based in modern acoustic measurements. While the approach and empirical results presented in the target paper undoubtedly have their merits, the paper nonetheless raises some methodological and conceptual questions, leading to some further thoughts that are discussed in this commentary. The issues raised in this commentary might serve as guidance for future empirical investigations into the nature and usage of blue notes.

scholarly journals Defending psychiatry or defending the trivial effects of therapeutic interventions? A citation content analysis of an influential paper

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Cristea ◽  
F. Naudet
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Treatment Category ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
Secondary Outcomes ◽  
Modest Effect

Aims.Leucht et al. in 2012 described an overview of meta-analyses of the efficacy of medication in psychiatry and general medicine, concluding that psychiatric drugs were not less efficacious than other drugs. Our goal was to explore the dissemination of this highly cited paper, which combined a thought provoking message with a series of caveats.Methods.We conducted a prospectively registered citation content analysis. All papers published before June 1st citing the target paper were independently rated by two investigators. The primary outcome coded dichotomously was whether the citation was used to justify a small or modest effect observed for a given treatment. Secondary outcomes regarded mentioning any caveats when citing the target paper, the point the citation was making (treatment effectiveness in psychiatry closely resembles that in general medicine, others), the type of condition (psychiatric, medical or both), specific disease, treatment category and specific type. We also extracted information about the type of citing paper, financial conflict of interest (COI) declared and any industry support. The primary analysis was descriptive by tabulating the extracted variables, with numbers and percentages where appropriate. Co-authorship networks were constructed to identify possible clusters of citing authors. An exploratory univariate logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between each of a subset of pre-specified secondary outcomes and the primary outcome.Results.We identified 135 records and retrieved and analysed 120. Sixty-three (53%) quoted Leucht et al.’s paper to justify a small or modest effect observed for a given therapy, and 113 (94%) did not mention any caveats. Seventy-two (60%) used the citation to claim that treatment effectiveness in psychiatry closely resembles that in general medicine; 110 (91%) paper were about psychiatric conditions. Forty-one (34%) papers quoted it without pointing towards any specific treatment category, 28 (23%) were about antidepressants, 18 (15%) about antipsychotics. Forty (33%) of the citing papers included data. COIs were reported in 55 papers (46%). Univariate and multivariate regressions showed an association between a quote justifying small or modest effects and the point that treatment effectiveness in psychiatry closely resembles that in general medicine.Conclusions.Our evaluation revealed an overwhelmingly uncritical reception and seemed to indicate that beyond defending psychiatry as a discipline, the paper by Leucht et al. served to lend support and credibility to a therapeutic myth: trivial effects of mental health interventions, most often drugs, are to be expected and therefore accepted.Protocol registration: https://osf.io/9dqat/

Darwinian language evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Helmut Weiß
Keyword(s):  
Language Evolution ◽  
Darwinian Selection ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
The Way

Abstract Haider’s target paper presents a fresh and inspiring look at the nature of grammar change. The overall impression of his approach is very convincing, especially his insistence on the point that language was not selected for communication – hence it is no adaptation to communicative use. Nevertheless, I think three topics are in need of further discussion and elaboration. First, I will discuss the question whether Haider’s conception of Darwinian selection covers all aspects of grammar change. Second, I will consider the question of whether an approach that dispenses with UG (as Haider’s does) can explain why grammars are the way they are. Third, I will question Haider’s equation of grammar with the genotype and of speech with the phenotype and develop an alternative and more appropriate proposal where, among others, speech corresponds to behavior.

scholarly journals Measuring Stereotypes in Music: A Commentary on Susino and Schubert (2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Manuel Anglada-Tort
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Representativeness Heuristic ◽  
Theoretical Account ◽  
Target Paper

In this commentary, I first discuss the strengths of the target paper and provide suggestions for future research. I proceed to point out an important limitation of the target study as well as contribute considerations relevant to measuring stereotypes in music. Finally, I present a novel theoretical account to explain music stereotyping, namely, the representativeness heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974), which I discuss within the broader framework of the behavioral economics of music.

scholarly journals Commentary on Shaffer et al.: A cluster analysis of harmony in the McGill Billboard dataset

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Daniel Müllensiefen
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
Harmonic Progression ◽  
Short Commentary ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
Music Information

This short commentary on the target paper by "A cluster analysis of harmony in the McGill Billboard" by Shaffer et al. starts with observing that not all harmonic progressions that are theoretically possible are equally common. Instead, some progressions are more popular than others in popular. In fact, certain harmonic progressions are closely associated with specific styles and sub-genres and it is the aim of the target paper to provide a meaningful classification system for harmonic progression. The commentary identifies several strengths of the target paper, including a nice balance between rigorous empirical work and providing a context and interpretations that are musicologically well-informed. In its critique the commentary points to the limitations of only using harmonic bigrams (i.e. the transitions between two chords) as the empirical data and the missing link to related literature on harmonic modelling in the music information retrieval community.

NLP-driven citation analysis for scientometrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAHUL JHA ◽  
AMJAD-ABU JBARA ◽  
VAHED QAZVINIAN ◽  
DRAGOMIR R. RADEV
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Citation Context ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
Complementary Problems ◽  
Citation Purpose

AbstractThis paper summarizes ongoing research in Natural-Language-Processing-driven citation analysis and describes experiments and motivating examples of how this work can be used to enhance traditional scientometrics analysis that is based on simply treating citations as a ‘vote’ from the citing paper to cited paper. In particular, we describe our dataset for citation polarity and citation purpose, present experimental results on the automatic detection of these indicators, and demonstrate the use of such annotations for studying research dynamics and scientific summarization. We also look at two complementary problems that show up in Natural-Language-Processing-driven citation analysis for a specific target paper. The first problem is extracting citation context, the implicit citation sentences that do not contain explicit anchors to the target paper. The second problem is extracting reference scope, the target relevant segment of a complicated citing sentence that cites multiple papers. We show how these tasks can be helpful in improving sentiment analysis and citation-based summarization.

Three methodological core issues of comparative personality research

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Uher
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Target Paper ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
Nonhuman Species

Comparative personality research in human and nonhuman species advances many areas of empirical and theoretical research. The methodological foundations underlying these attempts to explain personality, however, remain an unpopular and often ignored topic. The target paper and this rejoinder explore three methodological core issues in the philosophy of science for comparative personality research: Conceptualising personality variation, identifying domains of variation and measuring variation. Clear distinctions among these issues may help to avoid misunderstandings among different disciplines concerned with personality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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