قرائن الترجيح في زيادة الثقة عند الإمام الدارقطني من خلال كتابه "العلل الواردة في الأحاديث النبوية"

The imams (experts in Ahadith) and (critical) scholars of hadith sciences made great efforts in preserving the hadith. They collected the texts and chains (asnaad) and explained the conditions of the narrators in detail. They recorded for posterity not only the exact wording of the hadith but also took pains to elaborate on the differences of the narrators in the chains. They revealed the difference between narrators in the “Isnads” and the wording of the hadith. They collected the hadiths that were reasoned “Ahadees e Ma’alola” in private books and distinguished the correct from the defective, but they did not state the reasons for the Caused “Illat”. Most of the time, they did not show the presumptions of Weighting clues. Some of them accepted it (Siqa) sometimes for/as evidence, and returned/rejected on other occasions. This is the approach of the advanced scholars in the field; they neither accept nor reject it fully. However, a theoretical account of clues by which a scholar of hadith is to accept or reject the increase is not explicitly mentioned by forerunners in the tradition of hadith scholarship. Rather, these clues are implicit in their rulings on the hadiths and can be explained in detail by exploring the conditions o the narrators. Among these critics and imams of illal, Sheikh Al-Dari Qutni is well-known for his experience and understanding of the science (of illal). The researchers aim to highlight the reasons behind the acceptance or rejection, total or partial, of the increase. For this, the methodology of these rulings on the hadiths with increase confidence is analyzed in detail. This, in turn, will highlight the clues by which Al-Dari Qutni accepts siqa or rejects it.

Doubt and System (1913–14)

This chapter presents Tillich’s 1913 systematics as an indication of Tillich’s position in the year preceding the war. The tripartite system (Apologetics, Dogmatics, Ethics) locates theology in a truth-theoretical account where God is the absolute. Human thought is presented as a conflict between intuition and reflection, in need of redemption. Doubt is grounded in truth, and every human is principally justified. Justification is indeed presented as a universal and theoretical principle. However, since distressed thought is redeemed by the absolute paradox, we do not have the justification of the doubter in the same clarity as 1919. The question of whether the systematics constitutes an ‘intellectual work’ is therefore ambivalent, for it exhibits some structural characteristics of Karl Heim’s project. Despite the eschatological qualifications of Tillich’s system, we can begin to see why Tillich may have later found it an embarrassment.

Trajective Locomotion

This chapter examines the perceptual and aesthetic properties of the “follow shot,” a tracking shot that follows a human subject on foot from behind. Analyzing two films that conspicuously explore the follow shot as their core stylistic principle, Alan Clarke’s Elephant (1989) and Gus Van Sant’s Elephant (2003), this chapter shows how the formal properties of the follow shot—the camera’s forward movement, its denial of the subject’s face, and its sense of being tethered to its subject—are crucial to each film’s meditation on violence and human agency. By visually emphasizing the forward movement of its subjects while denying access to their interiorities (via the face), the follow shot attunes its viewers to its subject’s agency as a sense of pure “towardness” devoid of psychological insight, an effect the chapter calls “trajectivity.” Such a mode of representing subjectivity, the chapter argues, opposes cinematic traditions that rely on a seamless relation between psychological motivation, human expression, and human action. In doing so, the chapter offers a revised film theoretical account of the relation between camera movement, expression, and ethics.

Are Metallacyclopentadienes Always Non-Aromatic?

Even though metallacyclopentadienes (MCPs) are among the most common metallacycles, their electron delocalization (aromaticity) has received far less attention than other metallacycles, such as metallabenzenes. We systematically studied the aromaticity of MCPs with energetic (isomerization stabilization energy), density (delocalization index) and magnetic (current density) aromaticity indices. The indices agree that metallacyclopentadienes are, in general, weakly aromatic at most. The 18e− complexes showed the expected weak aromaticity, and only the d8 molecules are somewhat anti-aromatic. However, the theoretical account of the aromaticity of the 16e− MCPs is more convoluted. We find that the aromatic criteria for a 16e−d4 ruthenacyclopentadiene disagree. The lack of agreement shows that significant electron delocalization is not always related to great stability or to strong diatropic currents.

Ethnic Categories and Cultural Differences

Ethnic categories and cultural differences are rooted in the structure of social networks. The segregation of migrant groups in networks of personal relationships determines the extent to which cultural differences can be bridged and the salience of ethnic categories in multicultural societies. In line with relational sociology around Harrison White, the chapter develops a theoretical account of interethnic relations that examines the interplay of network patterns and meaning (categories and cultural differences). It draws on diverse theoretical strands from symbolic interactionism and social anthropology to Norbert Elias’s configurational sociology. This combination leads to conjectures about the ethnic pattering of networks and sociocultural constellations that resonate with empirical research from the sociology of migration.

A Pragmatic Study of Emotional Expressions in Selected Literary Texts

Emotional expressions are perceptible verbal and nonverbal practices that communicate an inner emotional or full of feeling state. Emotions give sense to our exists and let us care for ourselves and others. They make us human. Without emotion, we would be like machines that work to serve a purpose but without any definite meaning. Emotions are one of the most vital aspects of our lives. They give meaning to life and the way in which we communicate with the individuals around us. The emotional expressions are (Happiness, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Contempt, Surprise, Anger, Acceptance, Anguish, Interest, Shame ,Shyness, Guilt, Anticipation). The present research is a linguistic study that aims at revealing and studying the pragmatic perspectives of emotional expressions in selected literary texts . The study presents a clear theoretical account of the notion of emotion, its types, polarity, intensity and the way it can be conceptually analyzed. The research also offers some other related concepts that pertain to pragmatics, speech act. So, the purpose of this study to answer the questions: What are the emotional expressions used in the literary texts? and,?, investigating the variant types, the polarity and intensity of these emotional expressions. Because it creates the situations for the largest functional presentation of their pragmatic potential, a literary text was chosen as the source of emotional expressions. To realize the aims, Ekman(1992) as a model of emotions is used to analyze four literary texts that selected randomly . The research found that emotional expressions help to better comprehension of the speaker’s illocution and that linguistic factors determine the severity (intensity) of illocution. The expression of emotions clarifies the speaker’s intent and enhanced the pragmatic results. Moreover, it has been shown that the context discovers the exact intention. In addition, this study reveals that literary texts employ the anger as the major emoti

Solving the Problematic Relationship between Irregular Marketing Behaviours and the Principles of Social Responsibility

Reckless marketing has recently become a dirty tool played by modern pirates with a network of gangs, as they tried hard to mix facts as poker cards are on the table, and its danger to social responsibility values has become very worrying in Iraq. Planning, tactics, probabilities and forecasting, and the Iraqi economy has become based on the unknown.Where, unfortunately, the mafia played in its squares, empty polemics from here and there, deceptions and tricks, until they entered the core of factories, and the inputs turned into numbers, and the operations turned into illusions, and the outputs were mere rubble, and the costs were huge, and the returns were despicableThen we continue.. Commercial projects are programmed viruses that strike any system, confuse all standards, destroy all walls of knowledge, and throw seeds of ignorance into the industrial environment instead of quality. We live in an era in which competition revolves around supply, demand, production, productivity, efficiency, effectiveness, knowledge and programming.But where are we in all of this?The companies of the world are looking for quality while we are digging for scrap? What led us to a culture of mediocre performance instead of outstanding performance? Is it an attempt to abort all academic efforts that theorize and strain themselves in solving puzzles and dilemmas to reach constructive proposals to heal the greatness, satisfy the great Creator, and strengthen the pillars and components of the desired Iraqi economy in light of volatile growth sources.This study came to reveal the current ambiguous situation in Iraq regarding the performance of deceptive companies that engage in spurious and irregular marketing activity and compare them with honest companies with real marketing and reward the second with its right and rights, and expose the first with all its sighs and stray breath Where the study was divided into three aspects, the first aspect focused on highlighting the methodology that followed the steps of the study and established the pillars and modalities of the research, while the second aspect focused on a theoretical account of the research variables and a review of the practical side, and we concluded with conclusions and recommendations.