scholarly journals ValSten: a new wild species derived allotetraploid for increasing genetic diversity of the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongying Gao ◽  
Ana C. G. Araujo ◽  
Eliza F. M. B. Nascimento ◽  
M. Carolina Chavarro ◽  
Han Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Wild Peanut

AbstractIntrogression of desirable traits from wild relatives plays an important role in crop improvement, as wild species have important characters such as high resistance to pests and pathogens. However, use of wild peanut relatives is challenging because almost all wild species are diploid and sexually incompatible with cultivated peanut, which is tetraploid (AABB genome type; 2n = 4x = 40). To overcome the ploidy barrier, we used 2 wild species to make a tetraploid with the same allotetraploid genome composition as cultivated peanut. Crosses were made between 2 diploid wild species, Arachis valida Krapov. and W.C. Greg. (BB genome; 2n = 2x = 20) and Arachis stenosperma Krapov. and W.C. Greg. (AA genome; 2n = 2x = 20). Cuttings from the diploid F1 AB hybrid were treated with colchicine to induce chromosome doubling thus generating an induced allotetraploid. Chromosome counts confirmed polyploidy (AABB genome; 2n = 4x = 40). We named the new allotetraploid ValSten. Plants had well-developed fertile pollen, produced abundant seed and were sexually compatible with cultivated peanut. ValSten exhibits the same high resistance to early and late leaf spot and rust as its diploid parents. Notably, we observed morphological variations, including flower width and branch angles in the earliest generation (S0) of allotetraploids. A SNP array was used to genotype 47 S0 allotetraploids. The great majority of markers showed the additive allelic state from both parents (AABB). However, some loci were AAAA or BBBB, indicating homeologous recombination. ValSten provides a new, vigorous, highly fertile, disease resistant germplasm for peanut research and improvement.

scholarly journals Legacy genetics of Arachis cardenasii in the peanut crop shows the profound benefits of international seed exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (38) ◽  
pp. e2104899118
Author(s):  
David J. Bertioli ◽  
Josh Clevenger ◽  
Ignacio J. Godoy ◽  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
Shona Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Convention On Biological Diversity ◽  
Wild Accession ◽  
Seed Exchange ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
World Food Security

The narrow genetics of most crops is a fundamental vulnerability to food security. This makes wild crop relatives a strategic resource of genetic diversity that can be used for crop improvement and adaptation to new agricultural challenges. Here, we uncover the contribution of one wild species accession, Arachis cardenasii GKP 10017, to the peanut crop (Arachis hypogaea) that was initiated by complex hybridizations in the 1960s and propagated by international seed exchange. However, until this study, the global scale of the dispersal of genetic contributions from this wild accession had been obscured by the multiple germplasm transfers, breeding cycles, and unrecorded genetic mixing between lineages that had occurred over the years. By genetic analysis and pedigree research, we identified A. cardenasii–enhanced, disease-resistant cultivars in Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. These cultivars provide widespread improved food security and environmental and economic benefits. This study emphasizes the importance of wild species and collaborative networks of international expertise for crop improvement. However, it also highlights the consequences of the implementation of a patchwork of restrictive national laws and sea changes in attitudes regarding germplasm that followed in the wake of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Today, the botanical collections and multiple seed exchanges which enable benefits such as those revealed by this study are drastically reduced. The research reported here underscores the vital importance of ready access to germplasm in ensuring long-term world food security.

scholarly journals An overview of peanut and its wild relatives

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 134-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Bertioli ◽  
Guillermo Seijo ◽  
Fabio O. Freitas ◽  
José F. M. Valls ◽  
Soraya C. M. Leal-Bertioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Linkage Drag ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Hybrid Identities ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
The Tropics

The legumeArachis hypogaea, commonly known as peanut or groundnut, is a very important food crop throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. The genus is endemic to South America being mostly associated with the savannah-like Cerrado. All species in the genus are unusual among legumes in that they produce their fruit below the ground. This profoundly influences their biology and natural distributions. The species occur in diverse habitats including grasslands, open patches of forest and even in temporarily flooded areas. Based on a number of criteria, including morphology and sexual compatibilities, the 80 described species are arranged in nine infrageneric taxonomic sections. While most wild species are diploid, cultivated peanut is a tetraploid. It is of recent origin and has an AABB-type genome. The most probable ancestral species areArachis duranensisandArachis ipaënsis, which contributed the A and B genome components, respectively. Although cultivated peanut is tetraploid, genetically it behaves as a diploid, the A and B chromosomes only rarely pairing during meiosis. Although morphologically variable, cultivated peanut has a very narrow genetic base. For some traits, such as disease and pest resistance, this has been a fundamental limitation to crop improvement using only cultivated germplasm. Transfer of some wild resistance genes to cultivated peanut has been achieved, for instance, the gene for resistance to root-knot nematode. However, a wider use of wild species in breeding has been hampered by ploidy and sexual incompatibility barriers, by linkage drag, and historically, by a lack of the tools needed to conveniently confirm hybrid identities and track introgressed chromosomal segments. In recent years, improved knowledge of species relationships has been gained by more detailed cytogenetic studies and molecular phylogenies. This knowledge, together with new tools for genetic and genomic analysis, will help in the more efficient use of peanut's genetic resources in crop improvement.

Oil content and fatty acid composition variability in wild peanut species

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Wang ◽  
N. A. Barkley ◽  
M. Chinnan ◽  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
R. N. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Wild Peanut

Wild peanut species are useful genetic resources for improving the levels of disease/pest resistance and for enhancing the quality of seed composition by interspecific hybridization. The variation in oil content and fatty acid composition of wild peanut species in the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection is unknown. Seeds available from 39 wild species (plus a cultivated peanut) were requested from the U.S. peanut germplasm collection. Oil content was measured using nuclear magnetic resonance, fatty acid composition was analysed using gas chromatography, and the D150N functional mutation of theFAD2Agene was screened by real-time PCR. Significant variability in oil content (41.7–61.3%) was identified among the wild peanut species.Arachis magnacontained significantly more oil (61%) than cultivated peanut (56%). There was no functional mutation identified within theFAD2Agene target, and no wild species were identified with a high ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid. The results from gas chromatography and real-time PCR analyses were consistent. However,Arachis sylvestriscontained a significantly higher amount (22%) of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) than the cultivated peanut (4%). Thus,A.magnaandA. sylvestrismay be good breeding materials to use for increasing oil content or LCFA composition of cultivated peanuts in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Broadening the Variability for Peanut Breeding with a Wild Species-Derived Induced Allotetraploid

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1917
Author(s):  
Taís Suassuna ◽  
Nelson Suassuna ◽  
Kennedy Martins ◽  
Ramon Matos ◽  
Jair Heuert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Moderate Resistance

The use of wild species in peanut breeding provides remarkable opportunities for introducing new traits to the peanut crop and it has increased in recent years. Here, we report the morphological and agronomic, including disease resistance, variation observed in 87 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) that were derived from the wild ancestors of peanut and the cultivar Runner IAC-886. These lines exhibited a wide range of variation for these traits, with transgressive segregation and novel phenotypes being observed in many lines. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for agronomic and resistance traits were detected. Six RILs with contrasting phenotypes for agronomic traits and moderate resistance to leaf spots were genotyped. All of the lines had, on average, 50% wild alleles, with at least one large wild segment and multiple interspersed alleles in all of the chromosomes. Genetic exchange between subgenomes was observed. On four lines, the top of Chr 05/15, which is tetrasomic AAAA in A. hypogaea, has been restored to its AABB state by the introgression of A. ipaënsis alleles. We identified lines with good agronomic traits while harboring genome composition and structure completely different from each other and from the cultivated peanut. The variation that is observed for the fruit type is also important for a better comprehension of the domestication process in peanut. This increase in genetic diversity has great potential benefits for the peanut breeding programs.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Candidate Genes for Variation in Seed Size/Weight During Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Domestication

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongfeng Li ◽  
Xingguo Zhang ◽  
Kunkun Zhao ◽  
Kai Zhao ◽  
Chengxin Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Pentatricopeptide Repeat ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Ppr Protein ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Transcriptome Analyses ◽  
Wild Peanut

Seed size/weight, a key domestication trait, is also an important selection target during peanut breeding. However, the mechanisms that regulate peanut seed development are unknown. We re-sequenced 12 RNA samples from developing seeds of two cultivated peanut accessions (Lines 8106 and 8107) and wild Arachis monticola at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days past flowering (DPF). Transcriptome analyses showed that ∼36,000 gene loci were expressed in each of the 12 RNA samples, with nearly half exhibiting moderate (2 ≤ FPKM < 10) expression levels. Of these genes, 12.2% (4,523) were specifically expressed during seed development, mainly at 15 DPF. Also, ∼12,000 genes showed significant differential expression at 30, 45, and/or 60 DPF within each of the three peanut accessions, accounting for 31.8–34.1% of the total expressed genes. Using a method that combined comprehensive transcriptome analysis and previously mapped QTLs, we identified several candidate genes that encode transcription factor TGA7, topless-related protein 2, IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like 5, and putative pentatricopeptide repeat-containing (PPR) protein. Based on sequence variations identified in these genes, SNP markers were developed and used to genotype both 30 peanut landraces and a genetic segregated population, implying that EVM0025654 encoding a PPR protein may be associated with the increased seed size/weight of the cultivated accessions in comparison with the allotetraploid wild peanut. Our results provide additional knowledge for the identification and functional research into candidate genes responsible for the seed size/weight phenotype in peanut.

Flavor Profiles of Wild Species-Derived Peanut Breeding Lines

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tallury ◽  
H. E. Pattee ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Important Quality

Abstract Several diploid wild species of the genus Arachis L. have been used as sources of resistance to common diseases of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Because flavor is among the most important quality attributes for commercial acceptance of roasted peanuts, sensory attributes of interspecific hybrid derived breeding lines were evaluated to determine if transfer of disease resistance from wild species is associated with concomitant changes in flavor. Sixteen interspecific hybrid derivatives with five diploid species in their ancestries and the commercial flavor standard, NC 7 were evaluated for sensory quality. Significant variation among entries was found for the roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter sensory attributes, but not for the overall contrast between NC 7 and the wild species-derived breeding lines. The variation was either between two groups of wild species-derived breeding lines or within one or both groups. Introduction of disease and pest resistance traits from Arachis species did not result in degradation or improvement of the flavor profile. This suggests that flavor of wild species-derived germplasm will not prevent its use either as parents in peanut breeding programs or as cultivars.

Potato germplasm enhancement with disomic tetraploid Solanum acaule. I. Efficiency of introgression

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Watanabe ◽  
Carlos Arbizu ◽  
P. E. Schmiediche
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Method ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
2N Gametes ◽  
Germplasm Enhancement ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Solanum Acaule

The wild potato species Solanum acaule (acl) was used as a model of a disomic tetraploid Solanum species to develop systematic methods of germplasm enhancement for disomic tetraploid species. The objective was to develop a genetically efficient method to overcome the inherent technical problems encountered in the utilization of disomic tetraploid wild species. Accessions of acl were selected from CIP's wild germplasm collection and from the collection of University of Birmingham, with emphasis on genetic attributes such as PLRV resistance and (or) PSTV resistance. Four methods were tested: (i) triploids from crosses between 4x acl × 2x potato were selected for 2n gametes production and were crossed to tetraploids or to diploids with 2n egg production; (ii) axillary buds of triploid hybrids were treated with colchicine to double chromosome numbers to generate hexaploids; (iii) in vitro chromosome doubling to obtain hexaploids from triploid hybrids; and furthermore (iv) the selected acl clones were directly crossed to tetraploid potatoes followed by a combination of second compatible pollinations with IvP 35 and subsequent embryo rescue. The combination of second compatible pollination and embryo rescue was found to be the most genetically efficient method for the utilization of the valuable genetic attributes of acl.Key words: inter-EBN crosses, ploidy manipulation, polyploid, potato breeding, wild species

Genome affinity and meiotic behaviour in trigenomic hybrids and their doubled allohexaploids between three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids and Brassica fruticulosa

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Chen ◽  
X.H. Ge ◽  
X.C. Yao ◽  
Z.Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
Wild Species ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Brassica Species ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Meiotic Behavior ◽  
Homologous Pairing ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Brassica Fruticulosa ◽  
Cytological Behaviour

The wild species Brassica fruticulosa Cyr. (FF, 2n = 16) is closely related to the cultivated Brassica species. Through interspecific reciprocal crosses between B. fruticulosa and three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids (AABB, AACC, and BBCC where A = 10, B = 8, and C = 9), four trigenomic hybrids (F.AC, 2n = 27; F.AB, 2n = 26; F.BC, 2n = 25; BC.F, 2n = 25) were produced. By chromosome doubling of respective hybrids, three allohexaploids (FF.AACC, 2n = 54; FF.AABB, 2n = 52; BBCC.FF, 2n = 50) were synthesized. In pollen mother cells (PMCs) of the trigenomic hybrids, 1–2 autosyndetic bivalents were detected within A, B, and C genomes but only one within F genome; 1–3 allosyndetic bivalents between any two genomes were observed, and a closer relationship of F and B genomes than F and A genomes or F and C genomes was revealed. The allohexaploids showed a generally low but different pollen fertilities. The chromosomes in PMCs were predominantly paired as bivalents but some univalents and multivalents at variable frequencies were observed. The bivalents of homologous pairing for each genome prevailed, but allosyndetic quadrivalents and hexavalents involving any two genomes were observed, together with autosyndetic quadrivalents for A, B, and C genomes but not the F genome. The nondiploidized cytological behaviour of these allohexaploids contributed to their low fertility. The relationships between the genome affinity and meiotic behavior in these allohexaploids were discussed.

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterization of the U.S. Peanut Core Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4013-4026
Author(s):  
Paul I. Otyama ◽  
Roshan Kulkarni ◽  
Kelly Chamberlin ◽  
Peggy Ozias-Akins ◽  
Ye Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Genetic Clustering

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oil, food, and feed crop worldwide. The USDA peanut germplasm collection currently contains 8,982 accessions. In the 1990s, 812 accessions were selected as a core collection on the basis of phenotype and country of origin. The present study reports genotyping results for the entire available core collection. Each accession was genotyped with the Arachis_Axiom2 SNP array, yielding 14,430 high-quality, informative SNPs across the collection. Additionally, a subset of 253 accessions was replicated, using between two and five seeds per accession, to assess heterogeneity within these accessions. The genotypic diversity of the core is mostly captured in five genotypic clusters, which have some correspondence with botanical variety and market type. There is little genetic clustering by country of origin, reflecting peanut’s rapid global dispersion in the 18th and 19th centuries. A genetic cluster associated with the hypogaea/aequatoriana/peruviana varieties, with accessions coming primarily from Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, is consistent with these having been the earliest landraces. The genetics, phenotypic characteristics, and biogeography are all consistent with previous reports of tetraploid peanut originating in Southeast Bolivia. Analysis of the genotype data indicates an early genetic radiation, followed by regional distribution of major genetic classes through South America, and then a global dissemination that retains much of the early genetic diversity in peanut. Comparison of the genotypic data relative to alleles from the diploid progenitors also indicates that subgenome exchanges, both large and small, have been major contributors to the genetic diversity in peanut.

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