<p>Documenting and understanding centennial scale hydroclimatic variability in Australia is significant both to global climate science and to regional efforts to predict and manage water resources. In particular, multidecadal to centennial periods of low rainfall &#8211; &#8216;megadroughts&#8217; &#8211; have been observed in semi-arid climates worldwide, however they are poorly constrained in Australia. Here, we bring together multiple, sub-decadally resolved records of hydrological change inferred from lake sediments in western Victoria, Australia. Our analyses incorporate new elemental (ITRAX &#181;XRF) and stable isotope (oxygen, carbon isotopes) geochemical data from West Basin and Lake Surprise, both augmented by high quality radiometric chronologies based on radiocarbon, <sup>210</sup>Pb and <sup>239/240</sup>Pu analyses. Collectively, the records document a transition towards a more arid and variable climate since the mid-late Holocene, which is comparable to reports of an intensification of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) through this period. Furthermore, during the last 2000 years, the records exhibit marked periods of reduced effective moisture which contrast with records of Australian hydroclimate inferred from distal archives, as well those predicted by climate model hindcasts. Our analyses indicate that megadroughts are a natural phenomenon in south-eastern Australia, requiring greater attention in efforts to predict and mitigate future climatic change.</p>
