scholarly journals Worldview in Intercultural Communication

Communication ◽  
2021 ◽  

Worldview in intercultural communication represents an intercultural adaptation of worldview research originally from the humanities, theology, philosophy, and social sciences, particularly anthropology and linguistics. The concept refers to cognitive structures and holistic belief systems often shared by members of a culture perceived to influence one’s life space intersecting with deeply held assumptions on topics such as events, relationships, natural forces, deity, power, social hierarchy, and change that explain not only one’s cognitive map but also communication regarding current experiences and future event predictions. The notion can be said to inform the deepest layers of a culture’s experience. Some scholars trace the modern use of the concept to the 19th century with Humboldt’s application of the terms Weltanschauung and Weltbegriff, referring to beliefs defining how a culture or an individual interprets and interacts with the world. In sum, intercultural worldview is a quasi-metaphysical mental map influencing one’s thinking, doing, communicating, and discernment of others, nature, and self.

Author(s):  
Ted Henzell

Agriculture in Australia has had a lively history. The first European settlers in 1788 brought agricultural technologies with them from their homelands, influencing early practices in Australia. Wool production dominated the 19th century, while dairying grew rapidly during the first half of the 20th century. Despite having one of the driest landscapes in the world, Australia has been successful in adapting agricultural practices to the land, and these innovations in farming are explained in this well-researched volume. Focusing on the technologies that the farmers and graziers actually used, this book follows the history of each of the major commodities or groups of commodities to the end of the 20th century: grain crops, sheep and wool, beef and dairy, working bullocks and horses, sugar, cotton, fruit and vegetables, and grapes and wine. Major issues facing the various agricultural enterprises as they enter the 21st century are also discussed. Written in a readable style to suit students of history, social sciences and agriculture, Australian Agriculture will also appeal to professionals in the industry and those with a general interest in Australian sociology and history.


2019 ◽  
pp. 9-19

As the scientific and industrial revolutions came to a head in the 19th century, and society became increasingly secularized, the traditional social order underwent radical change in a very short time. During this period, people began to feel disconnected from the traditional belief systems that had helped them make sense of the world and of their lives. In these conditions, people may not literally commit suicide, but a kind of spiritual death – spiritual death – becomes a real danger. It occurs when people give up to resignation and surrender in the face of what they see as the pointlessness of existence.


Author(s):  
Сергей Александрович Троицкий

Рассматривается, как построение визуальных образов, отражающих культурные стереотипы, в то же время создает культурную карту. Анализируя взаимовлияние национальных стереотипов на уровне обыденного сознания, формируемых посредством преподавания географии, с одной стороны, и визуальную риторику Чужого, воплощенную в карикатуре, – с другой, мы фиксируем взаимные изменения обоих. Наша задача – воссоздать систему визуальных образов в политической карикатуре короткого периода истории русской культуры, названного империализмом, когда идеология романтического национализма, выражавшаяся в активном колониальном переделе мира, протекционизме, была на пике, то есть последнего десятилетия XIX века, фактически завершившегося в политической истории России русско-японской войной (1904) и началом первой русской революции (1905). Для выявления сложившихся национальных стереотипов привлекаются описания ментальных особенностей различных стран (народов) из российских учебников географии, использовавшихся для преподавания накануне исследуемого периода. Такой подход является новым для изучения политической карикатуры и приводит к неожиданным выводам. Авторы учебников исходят из романтической установки, что определения носят характер сущностных, неотъемлемых, а значит, изображение любого представителя является изображением каждого представителя народа (страны). Другими словами, учебники географии транслируют общие национальные стереотипы о других народах, фиксировавшиеся с помощью преподавания на уровне обыденного сознания, что позволяет понимать юмор карикатурных изображений практически всем. Карикатура является продолжением культурного или политического дискурса, чьи установки она транслирует, поэтому именно карикатурные визуальные образы и позволяют исследователю выявить типическое (стереотипное) содержание в повседневной культуре (на уровне обыденного сознания) и определить черты культурного и политического дискурса того периода, а также зафиксировать какие-либо изменения в стереотипах (правда, такие изменения могут произойти только под воздействием каких-то глобальных событий, таких как революция). В статье показывается, как ментальная карта мира из учебника географии, где в центре находится Россия, конкретизируется и трансформируется в ментальную карту мира, где существуют стереотипные чудовища – Другие, легко трансформируемые во врагов, а научный дискурс того периода легко трансформируется в инструмент политической пропаганды. Исследование строится от общего описания исторического и политического контекста, исследовательских установок, основных характеристик имагологического дискурса в карикатуре к рассмотрению более конкретных примеров, сопоставлению национальных стереотипов из учебников географии Германии, Франции, Турции, Японии, Китая с национальными стереотипами, фиксировавшимися карикатуристами в отношении этих же стран. The article discusses how constructing visual images that reflect cultural stereotypes simultaneously creates a cultural (mental) map. The objective of the paper is to reconstruct the system of visual images in political caricatures of a short period of history of Russian culture (the last decade of the 19th century and the first five years of the 20th century) culminating in fact in the Russo-Japanese war (1904) and the first Russian revolution (1905). Then the ideology of romantic nationalism was at its peak. That period is referred to as imperialism because it was characterized by an active colonial redivision of the world and protectionism. To reveal the main national stereotypes, the article draws on descriptions of the mental characteristics of various countries (peoples) from Russian geography textbooks used for teaching on the eve of the analyzed period. Attracting geography textbooks as a source of national stereotypes for political caricature studies is a new approach, and it leads to unexpected conclusions. The authors of textbooks proceed from the romantic attitude that definitions are essential, integral, which means that the image of any representative is the image of every representative of the population (country). Geography textbooks transmit common national stereotypes about other peoples, which, by teaching, are fixed at the level of everyday consciousness. It allows almost everyone to understand the humor of caricature images. Caricature is a continuation of the cultural or political discourse whose attitudes it translates, so it is caricature visual images that allow the researcher to identify (stereo)typical content in everyday culture (at the level of everyday consciousness), determine the features of the cultural and political discourse of that period, and record any changes in stereotypes. The article shows how the mental map of the world from the geography textbook in which Russia is located in the center is concretized and transformed into an everyday mental map of the world that has stereotypical monsters-Others, easily transformed into enemies. The scientific discourse of that period is easily transformed into a tool of political propaganda. The research develops from the general description of the historical and political context, research attitudes, and the main characteristics of imagological discourse in caricature to the consideration of more specific examples, comparisons of national stereotypes from geography textbooks (Germany, France, Turkey, Japan, and China) with national stereotypes recorded by caricaturists in relation to these countries.


Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bas J. M. van Vliet ◽  
Gert Spaargaren ◽  
Peter Oosterveer

This paper reviews the contribution the social sciences can make to the challenge of providing access to sustainable sanitation services and infrastructures for billions of people, in both the over- and underdeveloped parts of the world. The paper reviews and discusses three particular social scientific topics relevant for the sanitation challenge: the nature of socio-technical change, the issue of multilevel governance, and the role of the citizen-consumer. It is argued that sanitation is as much a social as it is a technical issue, and that the role of social scientific knowledge needs to be strengthened and given more attention in this context. The key contribution from the social sciences is to be found in its capacity to help widen the narrow, technical definitions of sanitation by including actors and their needs and belief systems, and by highlighting the alternative socio-technical tools and governance arrangements that are instrumental in moving beyond some of the dead-end roads of traditional water engineering and sanitation provision.


Adeptus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Falana-Jafra

Fuzzy Set Theory – From Formal Sciences to Legal Sciences: An Introduction in the Light of the Achievements of Polish Legal LinguisticsAn example of the correlation of thought between the formal sciences, which are a foundation of the natural sciences, and the humanities is the fuzzy set theory. It is the source of a new research paradigm in relation to the surrounding reality, as well as in relation to man himself and his perception of the world. Nowadays, the fuzzy set theory is very widespread in cognitive linguistics. The aim of the article is to show the historical and substantive relations between the formal sciences and linguistics existing thanks to the theory of fuzzy sets, as well as to pose the question about the usefulness of this theory for Polish social sciences, which include legal sciences. The justification of the research question stems from the recognition of the fact that the constituted law manifests itself through language, which is its exclusive carrier. Teoria zbiorów rozmytych – od nauk formalnych po nauki prawne. Wprowadzenie do problematyki w świetle osiągnięć polskiej lingwistyki prawaPrzykładem korelacji myślowej zachodzącej pomiędzy naukami formalnymi, stanowiącymi podwalinę nauk przyrodniczych, a naukami humanistycznymi jest teoria zbiorów rozmytych. Stanowi ona źródło nowego paradygmatu badawczego względem otaczającej człowieka rzeczywistości, a także względem jego samego i jego postrzegania świata. Obecnie teoria zbiorów rozmytych jest bardzo rozpowszechniona na gruncie językoznawstwa kognitywnego. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie historycznych i merytorycznych związków pomiędzy naukami formalnymi a językoznawstwem, istniejących dzięki teorii rozmytości, a także  postawienie pytania o przydatność tej teorii dla polskich nauk społecznych, do których zaliczają się nauki prawne. Uzasadnienie pytania badawczego wynika z dostrzeżenia faktu, iż prawo stanowione przejawia się poprzez język, który jest jego wyłącznym nośnikiem.


Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa N. Terranova

This essay focuses on a body of photoconceptual works from the 1960s and 1970s in which the automobile functions as a prosthetic-like aperture through which to view the world in motion. I argue that the logic of the “automotive prosthetic“ in works by Paul McCarthy, Dennis Hopper, Ed Ruscha, Jeff Wall, John Baldessari, Richard Prince, Martha Rosler, Robert Smithson, Ed Kienholz, Julian Opie, and Cory Arcangel reveals a techno-genetic understanding of conceptual art, functioning in addition and alternatively to semiotics and various philosophies of language usually associated with conceptual art. These artworks show how the automobile, movement on roads and highways, and the automotive landscape of urban sprawl have transformed the human sensorium. I surmise that the car has become a prosthetic of the human body and is a technological force in the maieusis of the posthuman subject. I offer a reading of specific works of photoconceptual art based on experience, perception, and a posthumanist subjectivity in contrast to solely understanding them according to semiotics and linguistics.


1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Dhaouadi

There is no question that contemporary western civilization has beendominant in the field of science since the Renaissance. Western scientificsuperiority is not limited to specific scientific disciplines, but is rather anovetall scientific domination covering both the so-called exact and thehuman-social sciences. Western science is the primary reference for specialistsin such ateas as physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, economics,psychology, and sociology. It is in this sense that Third World underdevelopmentis not only economic, social, and industrial; it also suffersfrom scientific-cultutal underdevelopment, or what we call "The OtherUnderdevelopment" (Dhaouadi 1988).The imptessive progress of western science since Newton and Descartesdoes not meari, however, that it has everything tight or perfect. Infact, its flaws ate becoming mote visible. In the last few decades, westernscience has begun to experience a shift from what is called classical scienceto new science. Classical science was associated with the celestialmechanics of Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, the new physics of Galileo,and the philosophy of Descartes. Descartes introduced a radical divisionbetween mind and matter, while Newton and his fellows presented a newscience that looked at the world as a kind of giant clock The laws of thisworld were time-reversible, for it was held that there was no differencebetween past and future. As the laws were deterministic, both the pastand the future could be predicted once the present was known.The vision of the emerging new science tends to heal the division betweenmatter and spirit and to do away with the mechanical dimension ...


1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Abul Fadl

The need for a relevant and instrumental body of knowledge that can secure the taskof historical reconstruction in Muslim societies originally inspired the da’wa for the Islamizationof knowledge. The immediate targets for this da’wa were the social sciences for obvious reasons.Their field directly impinges on the organization of human societies and as such carries intothe area of human value and belief systems. The fact that such a body of knowledge alreadyexisted and that the norms for its disciplined pursuit were assumed in the dominant practiceconfronted Muslim scholars with the context for addressing the issues at stake. How relevantwas current social science to Muslim needs and aspirations? Could it, in its present formand emphasis, provide Muslims with the framework for operationalizing their values in theirhistorical present? How instrumental is it in shaping the social foundations vital for the Muslimfuture? Is instrumentality the only criteria for such evaluations? In seeking to answer thesequestions the seeds are sown for a new orientation in the social sciences. This orientationrepresents the legitimate claims and aspirations of a long silent/silenced world culture.In locating the activities of Muslim social scientists today it is important to distinguishbetween two currents. The first is in its formative stages as it sets out to rediscover the worldfrom the perspective of a recovered sense of identity and in terms of its renewed culturalaffinities. Its preoccupations are those of the Muslim revival. The other current is constitutedof the remnants of an earlier generation of modernizers who still retain a faith in the universalityof Western values. Demoralized by the revival, as much as by their own cultural alientation,they seek to deploy their reserves of scholarship and logistics to recover lost ground. Bymodifying their strategy and revalorizing the legacy they hope that, as culture-brokers, theymight be more effective where others have failed. They seek to pre-empt the cultural revivalby appropriating its symbols and reinterpreting the Islamic legacy to make it more tractableto modernity. They blame Orientalism for its inherent fixations and strive to redress its selfimposedlimitations. Their efforts may frequently intersect with those of the Islamizing current,but should clearly not be confused with them. For all the tireless ingenuity, these effortsare more conspicuous for their industry than for their originality. Between the new breadof renovationists and the old guard of ‘modernizers’, the future of an Islamic Social Scienceclearly lies with the efforts of the former.Within the Islamizing current it is possible to distinguish three principal trends. The firstopts for a radical perspective and takes its stand on epistemological grounds. It questionsthe compatibility of the current social sciences on account of their rootedness in the paradigmof the European Enlightenment and its attendant naturalistic and positivist biases. Consistencedemands a concerted e€fort to generate alternative paradigms for a new social science fromIslamic epistemologies. In contrast, the second trend opts for a more pragmatic approachwhich assumes that it is possible to interact within the existing framework of the disciplinesafter adapting them to Islamic values. The problem with modern sciene is ethical, notepistemological, and by recasting it accordingly, it is possible to benefit from its strengthsand curtail its derogatory consequences. The third trend focuses on the Muslim scholar, rather ...


2020 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
S. N. Smirnov

The author considers the problems of typification of society. Some concepts of typification of social stratification models in different countries formulated and justified in historical and legal, historical, sociological, and economic scientific literature are reviewed. The circumstances that make it difficult to formulate universal concepts designed for application in the complex of social Sciences are identified. These circumstances include insufficient consideration of legal factors, including the position of the legislator, the specifics of the corporate legal status, and the characteristics of the mechanism for changing individual legal status. The author offers a variant of classification of society types from the point of view of legal registration of their structure. The possibility of distinguishing types such as consolidated companies and segmented companies is justified.


Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.


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