scholarly journals Examining the decision to offer in-person college instruction during the COVID-19 era: A multilevel analysis of the factors that affected intentions to open

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Louise Felson ◽  
Amy Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
The Political ◽  
College Instruction ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Online Readiness ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Related Mortality

AbstractAt the end of Summer 2020 colleges and universities had to make difficult decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction. While opening campuses could pose a major health risk, keeping instruction online could dissuade students from enrolling. Taking an ecological approach that considers the influence of state, county, and college characteristics, this study uses mixed modeling techniques and data from 89% of two- and four-year public and four-year private US colleges to assess the factors that shaped their decision to provide mostly in-person instruction as of August 1, 2020. We consider the roles of the political and religious climate, COVID-19 infections, deaths, and mask mandates, college niche, finances, dormitory capacity, faculty resistance, online readiness, and enrollment pressures. Most notably, we find that decision-making was unrelated to cumulative COVID infection and related mortality rates. The strongest predictor of in-person instruction was the proportion of state residents who voted for Trump in the 2016 presidential election. We also find that dormitory capacity, percentage of revenue from tuition, institutional importance to the local economy, graduation rates, and per capita endowment were associated with providing in-person instruction.

scholarly journals Online or in Person? Examining College Decisions to Reopen during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Fall 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312098820
Author(s):  
Jacob Felson ◽  
Amy Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
College Instruction ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Major Impediment

When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a major impediment to face-to-face college instruction in spring 2020, most teaching went online. Over the summer, colleges had to make difficult decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction. Although opening campuses could pose a major health risk, keeping instruction online could dissuade students from enrolling. Taking an ecological approach, the authors use mixed modeling techniques and data from 87 percent of two- and four-year public and four-year private U.S. colleges to assess the factors that shaped decisions about fall 2020 instructional modality. Most notably, the authors find that reopening decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction were unrelated to cumulative COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. Politics and budget concerns played the most important roles. Colleges that derived more of their revenue from tuition were more likely to return to classroom instruction, as were institutions in states and counties that supported Donald Trump for president in 2016.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

The Political Economy of Collective Action, Inequality, and Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
High Standards

Why do some societies achieve high standards of living, relatively broad access to education and quality health care, serviceable infrastructure, predictable and largely impersonal legal procedures, and relatively accessible avenues to peaceful political expression, while others stagnate with guarded islands of extravagant wealth, surrounded by oceans of poverty, corrupt autocratic systems, and simmering conflicts—or even full-blown civil wars? Why, did South Korea, a dictatorship that faced devastating war from 1950-1954, and whose 1960 GDP per capita was half that of Mexico and twice that of India, have, by 2015, a per capita GDP that exceeded Mexico’s by a factor of three and India’s by a factor of 17—in addition to a largely peaceful transition to democracy? How might a society, trapped in stagnation, corruption, and repression, initiate and sustain processes of economic and political development?

scholarly journals Health capabilities and the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil, 2004–2015: an innovative methodological framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Bugelli ◽  
Roxane Borgès Da Silva ◽  
Ladislau Dowbor ◽  
Claude Sicotte
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Background Despite the implementation of a set of social and health policies, Brazil has experienced a slowdown in the decline of infant mortality, regional disparities and persistent high death levels, raising questions about the determinants of infant mortality after the implementation of these policies. The objective of this article is to propose a methodological approach aiming at identifying the determinants of infant mortality in Brazil after the implementation of those policies. Method A series of multilevel panel data with fixed effect nested within-clusters were conducted supported by the concept of health capabilities based on data from 26 Brazilian states between 2004 and 2015. The dependent variables were the neonatal, the infant and the under-five mortality rates. The independent variables were the employment rate, per capita income, Bolsa Família Program coverage, the fertility rate, educational attainment, the number of live births by prenatal visits, the number of health professionals per thousand inhabitants, and the access to water supply and sewage services. We also used different time lags of employment rate to identify the impact of employment on the infant mortality rates over time, and household income stratified by minimum wages to analyze their effects on these rates. Results The results showed that in addition to variables associated with infant mortality in previous studies, such as Bolsa Família Program, per capita income and fertility rate, other factors affect child mortality. Educational attainment, quality of prenatal care and access to health professionals are also elements impacting infant deaths. The results also identified an association between employment rate and different infant mortality rates, with employment impacting neonatal mortality up to 3 years and that a family income below 2 minimum wages increases the odds of infant deaths. Conclusion The results proved that the methodology proposed allowed the use of variables based on aggregated data that could hardly be used by other methodologies.

scholarly journals Mortality Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Northeastern Italy, 2008–2020: A Multiple Cause of Death Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7249
Author(s):  
Alessandro Marcon ◽  
Elena Schievano ◽  
Ugo Fedeli
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Mortality from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is increasing in most European countries, but there are no data for Italy. We analysed the registry data from a region in northeastern Italy to assess the trends in IPF-related mortality during 2008–2019, to compare results of underlying vs. multiple cause of death analyses, and to describe the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020. We identified IPF (ICD-10 code J84.1) among the causes of death registered in 557,932 certificates in the Veneto region. We assessed time trends in annual age-standardized mortality rates by gender and age (40–74, 75–84, and ≥85 years). IPF was the underlying cause of 1310 deaths in the 2251 certificates mentioning IPF. For all age groups combined, the age-standardized mortality rate from IPF identified as the underlying cause of death was close to the European median (males and females: 3.1 and 1.3 per 100,000/year, respectively). During 2008–2019, mortality rates increased in men aged ≥85 years (annual percent change of 6.5%, 95% CI: 2.0, 11.2%), but not among women or for the younger age groups. A 72% excess of IPF-related deaths was registered in March–April 2020 (mortality ratio 1.72, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.24). IPF mortality was increasing among older men in northeastern Italy. The burden of IPF was heavier than assessed by routine statistics, since less than two out of three IPF-related deaths were directly attributed to this condition. COVID-19 was accompanied by a remarkable increase in IPF-related mortality.

scholarly journals A Nationwide Registry-Based Study on Mortality Due to Rare Congenital Anomalies

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Alonso-Ferreira ◽  
Germán Sánchez-Díaz ◽  
Ana Villaverde-Hueso ◽  
Manuel Posada de la Paz ◽  
Eva Bermejo-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Related Mortality

This study aimed to analyse population-based mortality attributed to rare congenital anomalies (CAs) and assess the associated time trends and geographical differences in Spain. Data on CA-related deaths were sourced from annual mortality databases kept by the National Statistics Institute of Spain (1999–2013). Based on the ICD-10, only CAs corresponding to rare diseases definition were included in this study. Annual age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated and time trends were evaluated by joinpoint regression analysis. Geographical differences were assessed using standardised mortality ratios and cluster detection. A total of 13,660 rare-CA-related deaths (53.4% males) were identified in the study period. Annual age-adjusted mortality rates decreased by an average of −5.2% (−5.5% males, −4.8% females, p < 0.001). Geographical analysis showed a higher risk of rare-CA-related mortality in regions largely located in the south of the country. Despite their limitations, mortality statistics are essential and useful tools for enhancing knowledge of rare disease epidemiology and, by extension, for designing and targeting public health actions. Monitoring rare-CA-related mortality in Spain has shown a 15-year decline and geographical differences in the risk of death, all of which might well be taken into account by the health authorities in order to ensure equality and equity, and to adopt appropriate preventive measures.

scholarly journals Greece in the Eurozone: An Evaluation of the First Two Decades

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Gregory T. Papanikos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Recent Issue ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Detrimental Impact ◽  
Of Greece

On the 31st of December 2021, the euro celebrated its two decades in circulation. Initially, twelve countries adopted the euro as their new national currency, Greece being one of them. Starting in 2020, euro is the official currency of nineteen European Union countries. This paper aims to examine three issues. Firstly, the paper investigates Greek people’s perception about the euro, using data from the recent issue of the Eurobarometer (December 2021). Secondly, the economic performance of Greece is briefly examined by comparing the Greek Gross Domestic Product (GDP) two decades before and two decades after the introduction of euro. Finally, the Greek participation to the eurozone has been a controversial, political issue. The political developments in Greece during the first two decades of the euro are also studied, emphasizing the dramatic political events after the double elections of 2012. The period of the two decades ends with the detrimental impact of COVID-19. This issue is also mentioned by reviewing some recent publications. Keywords: Eurozone, Greece, GDP, per capita GDP, Eurobarometer, euro, elections, politics

scholarly journals Comparison of Mortality Rates in Different Categories of Pigs and Cattle during Transport for Slaughter

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. S109-S116 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Malena ◽  
E. Voslářová ◽  
A. Kozák ◽  
P. Bělobrádek ◽  
I. Bedáňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Travel Distances ◽  
Related Mortality

The death of animals during transport for slaughter is a major factor indicating the level of welfare in transported animals. However, research data that report the level of animal welfare as reflected in transport-related mortality rates of individual animal species and categories are missing. The present study focused on losses of pigs and cattle in the period from 1997 to 2006. Transport-related mortality rates were recorded by species and categories of animals and also for the following travel distances: up to 50 km, 51-100 km, 101-200 km, 201-300 km, and over 300 km. Rates differed according to species and category. The highest mortality rates were found in young sows, sows, and boars (0.2562%) followed by fattened pigs (0.1075%), excluded dairy cows (0.0396%), calves (0.0269%), and fattened cattle (0.0069%). Significant differences were found among mortality rates (p < 0.05). The lowest mortality rates occurred with shorter travel distances (< 50 km and 51-100 km) when compared to long travel distances (101-200 km, 201-300 km and > 300 km), with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between short and long travel distances being found in fattened pigs, fattened cattle and dairy cows. Mortality rates in animals during transport for slaughter show young sows, sows, and boars to be the most susceptible to transport-related stress, followed by fattened pigs, dairy cows, and calves, whereas the highest resistance was observed in fattened cattle.

Estimation of annual mortality rates caused by early mortality syndromes (EMS) and their impact on salmonid stock–recruit relationships

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 1968-1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G.J Michielsens ◽  
Samu Mäntyniemi ◽  
Pekka J Vuorinen
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Mortality Estimates ◽  
Related Mortality

In this paper, we demonstrate how information from broodstocks can be combined with lab information on alevins to obtain annual stock-specific mortality estimates from early mortality syndromes (EMS) using a probabilistic approach, how a hierarchical model structure can be used to predict these mortality rates for related, partly sampled, or unsampled stocks, and why these estimates should be used to remove the effect of this mortality on stock–recruit estimates. The approach has been illustrated for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) stocks in the Baltic Sea affected by the M74 syndrome. Results indicate that data on the proportion of M74-affected females, commonly used to approximate M74 mortality, overestimate actual M74-related mortality because of a declining trend in mortality among offspring of these females. The stock-specific M74 mortality estimates are used to account for nonstationarity in the stock–recruitment relationship caused by this fluctuating mortality. Because hierarchical meta-analyses assume exchangeability, the effect of M74 mortality is removed before including these stocks within hierarchical stock–recruit analyses of Atlantic salmon stocks, which are commonly unaffected by M74 mortality. Failure to remove the effect of M74 mortality on the stock–recruit data results in underestimation of the stock's productivity and resilience to exploitation, especially in the case of stocks with steep stock–recruit curves.

Squatting, Colonial Autocracy, and Imperial Policies

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Institutional Innovation ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
British Government ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Pastoral Development ◽  
British Military ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Natural Grassland

This chapter explores how the British military, convict workforce, and British government financial outlays laid the early foundations of a tiny local economy at the outer margins of a vast imperial project. From the 1820s, Australia's prosperity rested, initially, on the productivity of its labor force—convicts, emancipists, and free immigrants—and the occupation and exploratory utilization of a large area of natural grassland primarily for the production and export of wool. This geographical settlement and pastoral development occurred in a rapidly evolving institutional setting. Both in the economic and political spheres, institutional innovation and adaptation appears successfully to have underpinned the attainment of quite high incomes per capita even before the discovery of gold.

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