scholarly journals Online or in Person? Examining College Decisions to Reopen during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Fall 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312098820
Author(s):  
Jacob Felson ◽  
Amy Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
College Instruction ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Major Impediment

When coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a major impediment to face-to-face college instruction in spring 2020, most teaching went online. Over the summer, colleges had to make difficult decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction. Although opening campuses could pose a major health risk, keeping instruction online could dissuade students from enrolling. Taking an ecological approach, the authors use mixed modeling techniques and data from 87 percent of two- and four-year public and four-year private U.S. colleges to assess the factors that shaped decisions about fall 2020 instructional modality. Most notably, the authors find that reopening decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction were unrelated to cumulative COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. Politics and budget concerns played the most important roles. Colleges that derived more of their revenue from tuition were more likely to return to classroom instruction, as were institutions in states and counties that supported Donald Trump for president in 2016.

scholarly journals Examining the decision to offer in-person college instruction during the COVID-19 era: A multilevel analysis of the factors that affected intentions to open

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Louise Felson ◽  
Amy Adamczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
The Political ◽  
College Instruction ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Modeling Techniques ◽  
Online Readiness ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Related Mortality

AbstractAt the end of Summer 2020 colleges and universities had to make difficult decisions about whether to return to in-person instruction. While opening campuses could pose a major health risk, keeping instruction online could dissuade students from enrolling. Taking an ecological approach that considers the influence of state, county, and college characteristics, this study uses mixed modeling techniques and data from 89% of two- and four-year public and four-year private US colleges to assess the factors that shaped their decision to provide mostly in-person instruction as of August 1, 2020. We consider the roles of the political and religious climate, COVID-19 infections, deaths, and mask mandates, college niche, finances, dormitory capacity, faculty resistance, online readiness, and enrollment pressures. Most notably, we find that decision-making was unrelated to cumulative COVID infection and related mortality rates. The strongest predictor of in-person instruction was the proportion of state residents who voted for Trump in the 2016 presidential election. We also find that dormitory capacity, percentage of revenue from tuition, institutional importance to the local economy, graduation rates, and per capita endowment were associated with providing in-person instruction.

scholarly journals Coronary heart disease: an older woman's major health risk

BMJ ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 315 (7115) ◽  
pp. 1085-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K Wenger
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Major Health

The Effectiveness of Online and Blended Learning: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Means ◽  
Yukie Toyama ◽  
Robert Murphy ◽  
Marianne Baki
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Face To Face Instruction

Background/Context Earlier research on various forms of distance learning concluded that these technologies do not differ significantly from regular classroom instruction in terms of learning outcomes. Now that web-based learning has emerged as a major trend in both K–12 and higher education, the relative efficacy of online and face-to-face instruction needs to be revisited. The increased capabilities of web-based applications and collaboration technologies and the rise of blended learning models combining web-based and face-to-face classroom instruction have raised expectations for the effectiveness of online learning. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This meta-analysis was designed to produce a statistical synthesis of studies contrasting learning outcomes for either fully online or blended learning conditions with those of face-to-face classroom instruction. Population/Participants/Subjects The types of learners in the meta-analysis studies were about evenly split between students in college or earlier years of education and learners in graduate programs or professional training. The average learner age in a study ranged from 13 to 44. Intervention/Program/Practice The meta-analysis was conducted on 50 effects found in 45 studies contrasting a fully or partially online condition with a fully face-to-face instructional condition. Length of instruction varied across studies and exceeded one month in the majority of them. Research Design The meta-analysis corpus consisted of (1) experimental studies using random assignment and (2) quasi-experiments with statistical control for preexisting group differences. An effect size was calculated or estimated for each contrast, and average effect sizes were computed for fully online learning and for blended learning. A coding scheme was applied to classify each study in terms of a set of conditions, practices, and methodological variables. Findings/Results The meta-analysis found that, on average, students in online learning conditions performed modestly better than those receiving face-to-face instruction. The advantage over face-to-face classes was significant in those studies contrasting blended learning with traditional face-to-face instruction but not in those studies contrasting purely online with face-to-face conditions. Conclusions/Recommendations Studies using blended learning also tended to involve additional learning time, instructional resources, and course elements that encourage interactions among learners. This confounding leaves open the possibility that one or all of these other practice variables contributed to the particularly positive outcomes for blended learning. Further research and development on different blended learning models is warranted. Experimental research testing design principles for blending online and face-to-face instruction for different kinds of learners is needed.

scholarly journals Cancer in Africa: Is It a Genetic or Environmental Health Problem?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer A. Bahnassy ◽  
Mona S. Abdellateif ◽  
Abdel-Rahman N. Zekri
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Environmental Health Problem ◽  
African Patients

Patients of African ancestry have the poorest outcome and the shortest survival rates from cancer globally. This could be attributed to many variables including racial, biological, socioeconomic and sociocultural factors (either single, multiple or combined), which may be responsible for this major health problem. We sought to assess the most common types of cancer that endanger the health of the African people, and tried to investigate the real differences between African and other Non-African patients regarding incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of different cancers. Therefore, identifying the underlying aetiological causes responsible for the increased incidence and mortality rates of African patients will allow for changing the current plans, to make optimized modalities for proper screening, diagnosis and treatment for those African patients, in order to improve their survival and outcomes.

scholarly journals Why Is Treatment Urgency Often Overestimated? An Experimental Study on the Phenomenon of Over-triage

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Ellebrecht
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Injury Pattern ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Case Vignettes ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Vital Parameters ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTIn the 19th century, triage emerged as an administrative concept to overcome the unjust and medically unreasonable consequences of an unsystematic adhoc selection of casualties. Until today, however, triage concepts are often applied incorrectly. High over-triage rates are a well-known phenomenon, which increase mortality rates. In order to examine their frequent occurrences, the article discusses different reasons and presents results of an experimental study. Two triage exercises were conducted: a paper-based triage exercise and a real-world simulation. Both exercises used the same case-vignettes consisting of 5 pairs. Each pair described a patient with the same injury pattern and vital parameters but with differing behaviour (calm/highly excited). Different behavior has a minor but no significant effect on over-triage rates. Over-triage is significantly higher in the real-world simulation than in the paper exercise. This is explained by the characteristics of face-to-face situations themselves: they are more complex and ambiguous, and hold more normative power. Accordingly, over-triage is understood as a means to resolve unclear situations (“better to over- than to under-triage”) and to comply with normative demands “within” the strict margins of an administrative concept.

scholarly journals Genitourinary Problems of Female Orphan Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Saleha Jahan ◽  
Rowshan Ara ◽  
Irin Hossain ◽  
Ummul Khair Alam ◽  
Arifa Islam
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Body Ache ◽  
Urinary Problems

Introduction: Genitourinary problems are major health problems affecting millions of people each year, especially among female adolescents. This problem often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objective: The study aimed to find out genitourinary problems of female orphan adolescents. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from January to December 2017, among 308 female orphan adolescents, which was selected purposively. Data were collected by face to face interviewing by using pretesting questionnaire and checklist which covers demographic characteristics, genital and urinary problems along with menstrual hygiene practices. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 version. Results: The study found that mean± SD age of the respondent 11.89 ± .749 years, 62% has menstrual problems followed by 37.6% has painful menstruation, 17.4% has irregular menstrual cycle, 13.1% has headache/vertigo, 11.4% had generalized body ache/leg cramps, 7.4% has polymenorrhea , 4.8% has menorrhagia, 2.8% has oligomenorrhea and 23% has foul smelling vaginal discharge. There is an association between age group of the respondents and their pattern of menstrual cycle (p=0.005), association between foul smelling vaginal discharge and itching of the respondents (p=0.000), association between menstrual hygiene and ways of drying of used cloth, multivariate analysis shows the association between menstrual hygiene and perennial cleaning (p= 0.797), taking bath (p=0.000) and ways of drying of used cloth (0.029) during menstruation. And 40.9% has urinary problems followed by 33.6% has painful micturition, 28.3% has burning sensation during micturition and 4.1% has incomplete voiding of urine. Conclusion: The study concluded that significant number of respondents suffer from one or more genitourinary problems. Educational level does not comply the knowledge of these adolescents regarding menarche. Many of them are still used to use old cloth during menstruation. Study recommended the prevention of genitourinary problems by improving knowledge of genitourinary tract physiology, reasons, complication, drinking plenty of water, emptying bladder completely as soon as feel the urge and maintain proper perennial hygiene with changing absorbent frequently during menstruation. JOPSOM 2019; 38(2): 9-14

scholarly journals Witchcraft as Political Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Sabina Magliocco
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Political Response ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
Cultural Features ◽  
Trump Administration

The use of political magic is one of the remarkable and unexpected cultural features to emerge from the 2016 presidential election in the United States. Using a combination of digital and face-to-face ethnography, this article explores the emergence of a movement dedicated to resisting the Donald Trump administration through witchcraft and magic. Applying the lens of Italian ethnologist Ernesto de Martino, it argues that the 2016 election created a “crisis of presence” for many left-leaning Americans who experienced it as a failure of agency. Their turn to magic was in response to feelings of anxiety and helplessness. Drawing from the approach of anthropologist James C. Scott, it analyzes magic as an art of resistance, an aesthetic, performative, as well as political response. Finally, it examines the fissures within the magical resistance as clashes in ethics, aesthetics, and beliefs associated with magic came to the fore, effectively splintering the magic resistance movement and rendering it less effective.

scholarly journals Teaching Online Versus Teaching hybrid and in class

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Khamis M Bilbeisi ◽  
Barbara Minsky
Keyword(s):  
Learning Style ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Online Courses ◽  
Traditional Classroom ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Traditional Classroom Instruction ◽  
Class Room

This paper deals with the question: How is hybrid teaching different from online and conventional teaching? In this paper we compare hybrid, face-to-face class-room and online teaching. We found that the numbers of students enrolled in online courses are significantly higher than the number of students enrolled in face-to-face courses. Furthermore, online degrees now offer the same exact course work as hybrid and traditional classroom courses. So the choice of mode of learning comes down to students’ personal preferences. Some students often try out an online course only to find that they like hybrid or traditional classroom instruction better. We believe hybrid courses better meet the needs of most students: they provide a learning style that requires students participate in classroom instruction where they can visually and verbally interact with the instructor and their peers, but yet has the convenience of reducing the need for driving, which saves gas, and also serve to develop students’ Internet, technology and virtual team skills by participating in online discussions, tests and other virtual learning activities.

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