scholarly journals The zebra finch auditory cortex reconstructs occluded syllables in conspecific song

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot C Bjoring ◽  
C Daniel Meliza
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Misleading Information ◽  
Neural Recordings ◽  
The Brain

Sensory input provides incomplete and often misleading information about the physical world. To compensate, the brain uses internal models to predict what the inputs should be from context, experience, and innate biases. For example, when speech is interrupted by noise, humans perceive the missing sounds behind the noise, a perceptual illusion known as phonemic (or auditory) restoration. The neural mechanisms allowing the auditory system to generate predictions that override ascending sensory information remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) exhibits auditory restoration of conspecific song both in a behavioral task and in neural recordings from the equivalent of auditory cortex. Decoding the responses of a population of single units to occluded songs reveals the spectrotemporal structure of the missing syllables. Surprisingly, restoration occurs under anesthesia and for songs that the bird has not heard. These results show that an internal model of the general structure of conspecific vocalizations can bias sensory processing without attention.

scholarly journals Choice-induced biases in perception

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Luu ◽  
Alan A Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Psychophysical Data ◽  
Observer Model ◽  
Discrimination Judgment ◽  
Perceived Motion ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIllusions provide a great opportunity to study how perception is affected by both the observer's expectations and the way sensory information is represented1,2,3,4,5,6. Recently, Jazayeri and Movshon7 reported a new and interesting perceptual illusion, demonstrating that the perceived motion direction of a dynamic random dot stimulus is systematically biased when preceded by a motion discrimination judgment. The authors hypothesized that these biases emerge because the brain predominantly relies on those neurons that are most informative for solving the discrimination task8, but then is using the same neural weighting profile for generating the percept. In other words, they argue that these biases are “mistakes” of the brain, resulting from using inappropriate neural read-out weights. While we were able to replicate the illusion for a different visual stimulus (orientation), our new psychophysical data suggest that the above interpretation is likely incorrect: Biases are not caused by a read-out profile optimized for solving the discrimination task but rather by the specific choices subjects make in the discrimination task on any given trial. We formulate this idea as a conditioned Bayesian observer model and show that it can explain the new as well as the original psychophysical data. In this framework, the biases are not caused by mistake but rather by the brain's attempt to remain ‘self-consistent’ in its inference process. Our model establishes a direct connection between the current perceptual illusion and the well-known phenomena of cognitive consistency and dissonance9,10.

scholarly journals Consciously detecting and recognizing a stimulus without knowing what it looks like

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphné Rimsky-Robert ◽  
Matteo Lisi ◽  
Camille Noûs ◽  
Claire Sergent
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Visual Words ◽  
Relative Independence ◽  
Pattern Masking ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Meaningful Stimulus

AbstractDoes conscious perception occur during initial sensory processing, or does it arise later in a supra modal fashion? If conscious access truly depends on supra modal processes, we may be able to induce “asensory perception”, where only the semantic features of a meaningful stimulus are accessed, untied to its sensory attributes. Here we tested this prediction by degrading the low-level sensory representations of visual words in the brain using pattern masking, and subsequently presenting audio words that were either semantically related to the masked word or not. We hypothesized these retrospective semantic cues would reactivate the remaining traces of the masked word in the brain, and induce awareness of any information that was not disrupted by masking. In three separate experiments we show that, when presented with retrospective cues that are semantically related to the masked word, participants are better at detecting the presence of the preceding masked word and naming it, while at the same time being unable to report its visual features. In other words, participants could consciously detect and recognize the preceding masked word, without knowing what it looked like. These findings suggest that non-sensory information can be consciously accessed in relative independence from the build-up of sensory representations.

scholarly journals STUDI KASUS PADA ANAK DENGAN REGULATORY SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDER DI KLINIK TUMBUH KEMBANG X

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Sila Paramita ◽  
Naomi Soetikno ◽  
Florencia Irena
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Receptor ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Sensory Processing Disorder ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Sensory Processing Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Perkembangan sensori merupakan perkembangan penting bagi individu. Sejak lahir, individu mulai memproses informasi sensori yang diperoleh dari lingkungan. Setiap informasi yang diterima sensori individu akan diintegrasikan dan diolah di otak sehingga menampilkan respons perilaku adaptif. Integrasi sensori dapat membantu individu untuk menguasai kemampuan dasar, seperti bahasa, pengendalian emosi, dan kemampuan berhitung. Masalah dalam integrasi sensori berkaitan dengan masalah dalam pemrosesan informasi sensori yang dikenal sebagai Regulatory Sensory Processing Disorder (RSPD). Ketika individu mengalami masalah dalam pemrosesan informasi sensori, maka individu akan mengalami hambatan baik dalam keberfungsiannya sehari-hari maupun perkembangannya. Masalah sensori dapat dikenali sejak dini melalui karakteristik perilaku yang ditampilkan anak. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran perilaku anak dengan Regulatory Sensory Processing Disorder. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah satu orang yang merupakan pasien anak pada Klinik Tumbuh Kembang X. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan asesmen psikologi. Ada pun sumber informasi diperoleh langsung melalui partisipan, orangtua, dan terapis. Untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi sensori pada partisipan, peneliti menggunakan daftar observasi wawancara yang tertera pada ICDL-DMIC (2005). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipan yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini mengalami gangguan pemrosesan sensori dengan tipe sensory-seeking. Partisipan penelitian menampilkan perilaku yang sangat aktif bergerak dan kesulitan memberikan atensi pada tugas yang diberikan. Hal tersebut berdampak pada performa akademis dan interaksi sosial yang dimiliki. Sensory development is an important development for individuals. From birth, individuals begin to process sensory information obtained from the environment. Every information received by an individual sensory receptor will be integrated and processed in the brain so that it displays an adaptive behavioral response. Sensory integration can help individuals to master basic abilities, such as language, emotional control, and numeracy skills. Problems in sensory integration are related to problems in processing sensory information known as Regulatory Sensory Processing Disorder (RSPD). When individuals experience problems in processing sensory information, individuals will experience obstacles both in their daily functioning and development. Sensory problems can be recognized early on through the behavioral characteristics displayed by children. Therefore, this study aims to describe the behaviour of children with Regulatory Sensory Processing Disorder. This research is a qualitative research with case study method. The sole participant in this study is a pediatric patient in the Growth and Development Clinic X. Data collection used observation, interviews, and psychological assessment. Information was also obtained directly through participants, parents, and therapists. To find out the description of sensory functions in participants, researchers used the interview observation list listed in ICDL-DMIC (2005). The results showed that the participants involved in this study experienced sensory-seeking type sensory processing disorders. Participant displayed very active behavior and difficulty in attending to the tasks assigned. This has an impact on academic performance and social interactions.

scholarly journals Ready steady slow: action preparation slows the subjective passage of time

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1746) ◽  
pp. 4399-4406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Hagura ◽  
Ryota Kanai ◽  
Guido Orgs ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Ballistic Movement ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
Action Preparation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Temporal Illusions

Professional ball game players report the feeling of the ball ‘slowing-down’ before hitting it. Because effective motor preparation is critical in achieving such expert motor performance, these anecdotal comments imply that the subjective passage of time may be influenced by preparation for action. Previous reports of temporal illusions associated with action generally emphasize compensation for suppressed sensory signals that accompany motor commands. Here, we show that the time is perceived slowed-down during preparation of a ballistic reaching movement before action, involving enhancement of sensory processing. Preparing for a reaching movement increased perceived duration of a visual stimulus. This effect was tightly linked to action preparation, because the amount of temporal dilation increased with the information about the upcoming movement. Furthermore, we showed a reduction of perceived frequency for flickering stimuli and an enhanced detection of rapidly presented letters during action preparation, suggesting increased temporal resolution of visual perception during action preparation. We propose that the temporal dilation during action preparation reflects the function of the brain to maximize the capacity of sensory information-acquisition prior to execution of a ballistic movement. This strategy might facilitate changing or inhibiting the planned action in response to last-minute changes in the external environment.

scholarly journals Input dependent modulation of olfactory bulb activity by GABAergic basal forebrain projections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Böhm ◽  
Daniela Brunert ◽  
Markus Rothermel
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Differential Modulation ◽  
Cholinergic Basal Forebrain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cholinergic Projections

AbstractBasal forebrain modulation of central circuits is associated with active sensation, attention and learning. While cholinergic modulations have been studied extensively the effect of non-cholinergic basal forebrain subpopulations on sensory processing remains largely unclear. Here, we directly compare optogenetic manipulation effects of two major basal forebrain subpopulations on principal neuron activity in an early sensory processing area, i.e. mitral/tufted cells (MTCs) in the olfactory bulb. In contrast to cholinergic projections, which consistently increased MTC firing, activation of GABAergic fibers from basal forebrain to the olfactory bulb lead to differential modulation effects: while spontaneous MTC activity is mainly inhibited, odor evoked firing is predominantly enhanced. Moreover, sniff triggered averages revealed an enhancement of maximal sniff evoked firing amplitude and an inhibition of firing rates outside the maximal sniff phase. These findings demonstrate that GABAergic neuromodulation affects MTC firing in a bimodal, sensory-input dependent way, suggesting that GABAergic basal forebrain modulation could be an important factor in attention mediated filtering of sensory information to the brain.

scholarly journals Neural Basis of Anticipatory Multisensory Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Linda Fiorini ◽  
Marika Berchicci ◽  
Elena Mussini ◽  
Valentina Bianco ◽  
Stefania Lucia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Perception ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Stimulus Processing ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Salient Event ◽  
The Brain

The brain is able to gather different sensory information to enhance salient event perception, thus yielding a unified perceptual experience of multisensory events. Multisensory integration has been widely studied, and the literature supports the hypothesis that it can occur across various stages of stimulus processing, including both bottom-up and top-down control. However, evidence on anticipatory multisensory integration occurring in the fore period preceding the presentation of the expected stimulus in passive tasks, is missing. By means of event-related potentials (ERPs), it has been recently proposed that visual and auditory unimodal stimulations are preceded by sensory-specific readiness activities. Accordingly, in the present study, we tested the occurrence of multisensory integration in the endogenous anticipatory phase of sensory processing, combining visual and auditory stimuli during unimodal and multimodal passive ERP paradigms. Results showed that the modality-specific pre-stimulus ERP components (i.e., the auditory positivity -aP- and the visual negativity -vN-) started earlier and were larger in the multimodal stimulation compared with the sum of the ERPs elicited by the unimodal stimulations. The same amplitude effect was also present for the early auditory N1 and visual P1 components. This anticipatory multisensory effect seems to influence stimulus processing, boosting the magnitude of early stimulus processing. This paves the way for new perspectives on the neural basis of multisensory integration.

Relation Between Level of Prefrontal Activity and Subject's Performance

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Casini ◽  
Françoise Macar ◽  
Marie-Hélène Giard
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Practice Phase ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Anagram Task ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Processing Mechanism

Abstract The experiment reported here was aimed at determining whether the level of brain activity can be related to performance in trained subjects. Two tasks were compared: a temporal and a linguistic task. An array of four letters appeared on a screen. In the temporal task, subjects had to decide whether the letters remained on the screen for a short or a long duration as learned in a practice phase. In the linguistic task, they had to determine whether the four letters could form a word or not (anagram task). These tasks allowed us to compare the level of brain activity obtained in correct and incorrect responses. The current density measures recorded over prefrontal areas showed a relationship between the performance and the level of activity in the temporal task only. The level of activity obtained with correct responses was lower than that obtained with incorrect responses. This suggests that a good temporal performance could be the result of an efficacious, but economic, information-processing mechanism in the brain. In addition, the absence of this relation in the anagram task results in the question of whether this relation is specific to the processing of sensory information only.

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