scholarly journals Capital structure management differences in Latin American and US firms after 2008 crisis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (42) ◽  
pp. 51-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Valcacer Rodrigues ◽  
Heber José de Moura ◽  
David Ferreira Lopes Santos ◽  
Vinicius Amorim Sobreiro
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Usa

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the capital structure determining factors of Latin American and US corporations after the crisis of 2008, as a means of comparing theoretical assumptions and empirical results in markets of different efficiency levels. Design/methodology/approach The study sample comprises 1,091 companies belonging to the six largest economies in Latin America plus the USA, in the years 2009 to 2013. The authors performed a regression with data from a balanced overview, which were obtained by using the criterion of minimum weighted square. Findings The results demonstrated differences in determining factors of capital structure between companies from Latin America and from the USA. The pecking order theory was mostly observed in Latin American companies and the trade-off theory greater was closely aligned with US firms. Originality/value This research brings new contributions to the issue, once the differences and determinative of the debt profile in companies from different economic contexts are compared.

scholarly journals Market Timing and Pecking Order Theory in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-104
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Vásquez Tejos ◽  
Hernan Pape Larre
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Market Timing ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
The Capital Structure

This article aims to determine if the capital structure of Latin American companies in the emerging markets of Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, are managed according to the market timing theory or the pecking order theory. The analysis was based on a non-probabilistic sample of 170 companies, with annual data, from an unbalanced panel, in the period 2010-2018. Regressions were applied with the fixed and random effects method. The results do not show significant evidence indicating that Latin American companies comply with the pecking order theory. Furthermore, there is also no definitive evidence that companies benefit from low share prices to issue capital or from debt issuance in the face of high stock market prices. There are signs that they follow a blend of several theories, which would indicate their characteristics in the capital structure of Latin American companies.

scholarly journals The determinants of Sukūk issuance in GCC countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45
Author(s):  
Imene Guermazi
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Finance Theory ◽  
Corporate Social

PurposeThis paper focuses on Ṣukūk issuance determinants in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Given the dual characteristic of debt and equity of Ṣukūk as well as their unique benefits of social responsibility, the author questions whether the theories of capital structure, the trade-off and the pecking order are able to well explain the Ṣukūk issuance.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the author verifies these theories using capital structure determinants and regresses the Ṣukūk change on these determinants. Second, the author tests the trade-off theory with the target debt model and third, verifies the pecking order theory using the fund flow deficit model.FindingsThe empirical results show that capital structure determinants fail to explain both theories. The author confirms that the Ṣukūk change is significatively linked to the deviation from a Ṣukūk target. So, issuing firms balance the marginal costs of Ṣukūk and their benefits of religiosity and social responsibility toward a target debt. The author finds no evidence of the pecking order theory.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to corporate finance theory and corporate social responsibility. It verifies if capital structure theories proved in conventional financing can well explain Islamic bonds issuance given their social responsibility benefits.Practical implicationsManagers and investors would pay attention to the social factors explaining Ṣukūk issuance in their finance and investment decisions. They would be enhanced to use this financing tool knowing its social unique benefits. This also should encourage governments to enhance this socially responsible financing. Rating agencies would be motivated to evaluate Ṣukūk and firms would improve the quality and relevance of disclosure to get the best rating.Social implicationsThe author highlights the social factors explaining Ṣukūk issuance and enhances corporate social responsibility (CSR).Originality/valueThe author extends the few literature testing capital structure theories for Islamic bonds and highlights the specific social responsible features of Ṣukūk that would bridge their issuance to capital structure theories. So the author enhances the concept of Islamic CSR. Tying capital structure theories to CSR would also help developing Islamic finance theory as a unique social responsible framework.

Analysing capital structure of spanish chemical companies using self-organizing maps

Kybernetes ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (06) ◽  
pp. 947-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Camara-Turull ◽  
María Ángeles Fernández-Izquierdo ◽  
M. Teresa Sorrosal-Forradellas
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unsupervised Neural Network ◽  
Chemical Companies ◽  
Self Organizing ◽  
The Capital Structure

Purpose This paper aims to analyses the capital structure of the Spanish chemical industry during the period between 1999 and 2013, with a twofold objective. First, to determine whether the assumptions of pecking order theory are fulfilled throughout the study's timeframe. Second, by using data covering the years before the crisis and the worst years thereof, this study shows how the crisis has affected the capital structure of the companies included in this sample. Design/methodology/approach A particular kind of unsupervised neural network, self-organizing maps, is applied. This methodology allows to cluster firms avoiding the need to establish relationships between the different variables involved in the problem beforehand. Findings Companies are clustered into groups with different degrees of accomplishment of the pecking order theory. The hypothesis about risk is the one that experience a greater variation in the period before and after the crisis. Moreover, companies' capital structure has been lightly disrupted by the crisis. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in applying an unprecedented methodology to the problem of capital structure. Therefore, the capital structure problem can be approached without setting any function relationship previously.

scholarly journals Market Timing and Pecking Order Theory in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-370
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Vásquez Tejos ◽  
Hernan Pape Larre
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Market Timing ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Share Prices ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
The Capital Structure

This article aims to determine if the capital structure of Latin American companies in the emerging markets of Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru, are managed according to the market timing theory or the pecking order theory. The analysis was based on a non-probabilistic sample of 170 companies, with annual data, from an unbalanced panel, in the period 2010-2018. Regressions were applied with the fixed and random effects method. The results do not show significant evidence indicating that Latin American companies comply with the pecking order theory. Furthermore, there is also no definitive evidence that companies benefit from low share prices to issue capital or from debt issuance in the face of high stock market prices. There are signs that they follow a blend of several theories, which would indicate their characteristics in the capital structure of Latin American companies.

Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure in an Islamic legal system: the case of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moncef Guizani ◽  
Ahdi Noomen Ajmi
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Financial Instruments ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Capital Structure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the basic premises according to the pecking order theory (POT) provide an explanation for the capital structure mix of firms operating under Islamic principles. Design/methodology/approach Pooled ordinary least squares, fixed and random effects regressions were performed to test the POT applying data from a sample of 66 Islamic-compliant firms listed on Saudi Stock Market over the period 2006–2016. Findings The results show that sale-based instruments (Murabahah, Ijara) track the financial deficit quite closely followed by equity financing and as a last alternative to finance deficit, Islamic-compliant firms issue Sukuk. In the crisis period, these firms seem more reliant on equity, then on sale-based instruments and on Sukuk as last option. The study findings also indicate that the cumulative financing deficit does not wipe out the effects of conventional variables, although it is empirically significant. This provides no support for the POT attempts by Saudi Islamic-compliant firms Research limitations/implications This research contributes to the theory of capital structure in re-validating the findings of a previous theoretical and empirical study. It helps understand the capital structure of Islamic-compliant firms in comparison with conventional firms. It highlights some areas where further research on topics related to capital structure of Islamic-compliant firms is needed. The failure of the POT to explain Saudi firms’ financing choices strongly pushed researchers to test the market timing theory for the Saudi Stock Market. Further research studies could re-examine the trade-off theory in the absence of interest tax shield as in an Islamic economy. Practical implications From a managerial perspective, this research can serve firm executive managers in their financing decisions to add value to the companies. Furthermore, policymakers, bankers and standard-setting organizations should undertake more collective work to simplify the process of issuing Islamic financial instruments including Sukuk. Moreover, the Saudi Government has to encourage the private sector to be more innovative in developing products and services that are in line with Sharia principles. Finally, to attract investors, the Capital Market Authority has to encourage transaction, efficiency and liquidity of Islamic financial instruments. Originality/value The proposed study presents several originalities. First, it explores the implications of relevant Islamic principles on financing preferences of Saudi firms. Second, the present study enables us to investigate what the sudden abundance of liquidity, generated by the record levels of oil prices, implied for the firms’ financing behavior. Finally, it provides further evidence on the impact of financial crisis on the firms’ capital structure choice in a period of considerable slowdown in the world.

Impact of cash surplus on firm’s capital structure: validation of pecking order theory

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barnali Chaklader ◽  
B. Padmapriya
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Capital Structure

PurposeBuilding on pecking order theory, this study seeks to understand the various financial factors that influence top management's decision regarding the company’s capital structure. The authors attempt to understand and analyse whether the capital structure of mid‐ and small‐cap firms is affected by cash surplus scaled to total assets. Along with other determinants of capital structure such as liquidity, profitability, tangibility, market capitalisation and age, this is considered one of the major factors. Cash surplus is calculated using data from the cash flow statement. It is defined as the difference in cash from operating activities and that from investing activities and is scaled to total assets. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to regress cash surplus scaled to total assets and other determinants over leverage to examine the impact on mid‐ and small‐cap firms. The pecking order theory was found to hold for firms earning cash surplus.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from the CMIE Prowess database of all firms listed on the NIFTY Small cap 250 index and NIFTY Midcap 150 index. The data of non-financial firms belonging to the midcap and small-cap sector, listed on the National Stock Exchange of India from 2012 to 2019 were considered. After cleaning the data, an unbalanced panel of 171 companies totalling 1,362 observations for the NIFTY Small-cap 250 index and another panel of 96 companies with 761 observations for the NIFTY Midcap 150 index was created. Panel data regression analysis was used to determine the effect of cash surplus scaled to total assets on the firms' capital structure.FindingsThis study demonstrates how small- and midcap firms' behave differently in taking capital structure decisions. Pecking order theory was found to hold for firms earning cash surplus as a proportion of total assets (Surplusta).Research limitations/implicationsThe study was conducted through data available on secondary sources and database. The study can be better conducted by conducting a primary survey too. Further study may be conducted with a blend of secondary and questionnaire method. The results can be compared to check the similarity in findings.Practical implicationsManagers can benefit from the findings when making decisions on long- and short-term loans. This study can help managers in terms of the financial variables that have a role to play in the financial leverage of the company. The decision of the managers of midcap or small-cap firms would be different. Factors influencing short- and long-term borrowings are different. Academics can discuss whether there is any difference in the influence of capital structure variables of small- and midcap companies and the reasons for such differences. Judicious decisions on capital structure will create wealth for the shareholders as the right decision about leverage would result in a proper cost of capital. The findings also add to the existing literature on the Pecking order theory.Social implicationsAcademics can discuss whether there is any difference in the influence of capital structure variables of small- and midcap companies and the reasons for such differences.Originality/valueThe study extends the existing literature by demonstrating that the capital structure of mid and small-cap firms is affected by cash surplus scaled to total assets. The pecking order theory was found to hold for firms earning cash surplus. This study can inform the practitioners about the financial variables that have a role to play in the company's financial leverage. As the results and significance of the variables of the midcap or small-cap firms are different, the decisions of the managers of these firms would be separate for the capital structure of their firms. The study also infers that the factors influencing short and long-term borrowings are different. The study determines whether managers' decision-making in such companies is different in terms of raising short- and long-term loans. The study attempts to guide managers in considering the different variables that would influence their capital structure decisions, particularly the decision to include debt in the capital. Financial variables need not be of equal importance for managers belonging to small- and midcap companies.

scholarly journals What are the determining factors in the capital structure decisions of small and medium-sized firms in Cabinda, Angola?,

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Lussuamo ◽  
Zélia Serrasqueiro
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Corporate Finance ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Debt Maturity ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The Capital Structure

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the determining factors that explain the capital structure decisions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the province of Cabinda, Angola. In this study, debt maturity was also analyzed and, therefore, total indebtedness was broken down into short, medium, and long-term debt ratios. This study is motivated the poor number of studies on the determinants of the capital structure of SMEs in developing countries, more specifically in Cabinda, Angola. This research is relevant for Corporate Finance, particularly regarding the capital structure of SMEs located in a developing country like Angola. Also, it corroborates previous studies on the applicability of the principles of the pecking-order theory to SMEs in developed countries. This research present contributions to Corporate Finance, as it identifies the determinants of the capital structure of SMEs in a developing country - considering the debt maturity -, through the analysis of total debt ratios-, short-, medium- and long-term debt. Based on a sample of 73 SMEs for the period between 2011 and 2016, we used panel data models (pooled OLS, fixed and random effects). The results of this study show that tangibility, age, liquidity, and non-debt tax shield are determining factors in the decisions of the capital structure of SMEs in the province of Cabinda, Angola. Furthermore, they suggest that these firms follow the principles of pecking-order theory in capital structure decisions. The research contributes to increase studies in Corporate Finance, particularly concerning the determinants of the capital structure of SMEs located in a developing country.

scholarly journals Does information asymmetry lead to higher debt financing? Evidence from China during the NTS Reform period

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhou Qu ◽  
Udomsak Wongchoti ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Yanming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test an implication of the pecking order theory to explain capital structure decisions among Chinese listed companies during the 2005-2007 NTS Reform transition period. Design/methodology/approach The authors utilize direct proxies for information asymmetry based on microstructure models including Probability of the arrival of informed trades (PIN), Adverse selection component of the bid-ask spread (λ), Illiquidity ratio (ILLIQ) and liquidity ratio, and Information asymmetry index (InfoAsy) to examine their relation with firms’ debt financing. Findings Consistent with the prediction of Pecking Order Theory, the authors find that companies for which stock investors are challenged with more severe informational disadvantages are associated with higher degree of leverage use. Originality/value The study provides a more direct test on the positive relation between information asymmetry and financial leverage of Chinese firms. In contrast to previous findings by Chen (2004), the results suggest that capital structure choices among Chinese firms progressively conform to conventional finance theories (e.g. Pecking Order Theory) with the decline of non-tradable shares.

Qualitative Research on Critical Issues In Halal Logistics

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Syazwan Ab Talib ◽  
Lim Rubin ◽  
Vincent Khor Zhengyi
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Agency Theory ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Pecking Order Theory ◽  
Corporate Financing ◽  
Financing Decision

This is a preliminary study developed to explore the determinants of capital structure of Shariah-compliant firms listed in Bursa Malaysia. This study is primarily motivated by the issue of the determinants still being inconclusive in the area of capital structure. The study is performed using the static models namely Pool Ordinary Least Square, Fixed Effect and Random Effect Model. Empirical analysis on the determinants reveals that country specific factor which is GDP and sector specific factor which is industry concentration are also significant in influencing the corporate financing decisions in this country along with firm specific factors such as efficiency, bankruptcy risk, profitability, tangibility, liquidity and size of the firm. The findings revealed that results are sensitive to models employed in the study. Nevertheless, the applicability of capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, agency theory and pecking order theory diverge across sectors in Malaysia. The pecking order theory and agency theory are found to be the dominant theories governing the corporate financing decision in the country as well. It indicates strong evidence of hierarchy practised in firms’ financing decision. The finding on agency theory being dominant justifies the function of short-term debt as a controlling mechanism to mitigate the agency problem arises within firms across sectors. 

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