scholarly journals Social Mixing with Other Children during Infancy Enhances Antibody Response to a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Early Childhood

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Salt ◽  
Carly Banner ◽  
Sarah Oh ◽  
Ly-mee Yu ◽  
Susan Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
Th1 And Th2 Cytokines ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT Children who have siblings and/or who attend day care have higher rates of nasopharyngeal colonization with pneumococci than lone children do. Pneumococcal colonization is usually asymptomatic but is a prerequisite for invasive disease. We studied the effect of social mixing with other children on immunity to a pneumococcal vaccine. One hundred sixty children aged 1 year were immunized with a 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. A blood sample was obtained before and 9 to 11 days after the vaccine. The concentration and avidity of antibody against vaccine pneumococcal serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) were studied in relation to pneumococcal carriage rate and measures of social mixing. Children with increased social mixing had higher antibody concentrations against serotypes 4, 9V, 14, and 23F than lone children did. The least-carried serotype, serotype 4, was the one of the most immunogenic. This contrasts with serotype 6B, the most common nasopharyngeal isolate but the least immunogenic. Social mixing in infancy enhances the immune response to a Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine at 1 year of age. Exposure to pneumococci in the first year of life may induce immunological priming. An alternative explanation is that differences in immunological experience, such as increased exposure to respiratory viral infections in early childhood, alters the response to vaccines perhaps by affecting the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The low immunogenicity of serotype 6B polysaccharide might make conditions more favorable for carriage of the 6B organism and explain why 6B pneumococci were more frequently isolated than other serotypes.

scholarly journals Infant Pneumococcal Carriage in Belgium Not Affected by COVID-19 Containment Measures

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Willen ◽  
Esra Ekinci ◽  
Lize Cuypers ◽  
Heidi Theeten ◽  
Stefanie Desmet
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Colonization ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Invasive Diseases ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important and frequently carried respiratory pathogen that has the potential to cause serious invasive diseases, such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Young children and older adults are among the most vulnerable to developing serious disease. With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic and the concomitant restrictive measures, invasive disease cases caused by respiratory bacterial species, including pneumococci, decreased substantially. Notably, the stringency of the containment measures as well as the visible reduction in the movement of people appeared to coincide with the drop in invasive disease cases. One could argue that wearing protective masks and adhering to social distancing guidelines to halt the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, also led to a reduction in the person-to-person transmission of respiratory bacterial species. Although plausible, this conjecture is challenged by novel data obtained from our nasopharyngeal carriage study which is performed yearly in healthy daycare center attending children. A sustained and high pneumococcal carriage rate was observed amid periods of stringent restrictive measures. This finding prompts us to revisit the connection between nasopharyngeal colonization and invasion and invites us to look closer at the nasopharyngeal microbiome as a whole.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Carriage, Serotype Distribution, and Risk Factors in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia, 5 Years After Introduction of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Abera Negash ◽  
Daniel Asrat ◽  
Workeabeba Abebe ◽  
Tewodros Hailemariam ◽  
Meseret Gebre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage

Abstract Background There is a scarcity of data on pneumococcal serotypes carried by children in Ethiopia. We studied pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage rate, serotypes, and risk factors among children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods A prospective observational cohort study was performed in children with CAP, aged 0–15 years, in 2 pediatric emergency departments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Nasopharyngeal swabs were cultured, and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae were determined by sequencing the cpsB gene and by the Quellung reaction. Risk factors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. Results Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 362 children with CAP. Pneumococcal carriage rate was 21.5% (78 of 362). The most common serotypes were 19A (27%), 16F (8.5%), and 6A (4.9%). In addition, 8.5% of the pneumococcal isolates were nontypeable. In bivariate analysis, children with a parent that smokes were more likely to carry pneumococci (crude odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–12.3; P = .023) than those with parents that do not smoke. In multivariable analysis, living in a house with ≥2 rooms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28–0.82; P = .007) and vaccination with ≥2 doses of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.92; P = .033) were protective of pneumococcal carriage. Conclusions Five years after introduction of PCV10 in Ethiopia, the vaccine-related serotype 19A was predominant in the nasopharynx of children with CAP. Continued evaluation of the direct and indirect impact of PCV10 on pneumococcal serotype distribution in Ethiopia is warranted.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Carriage in the Conjugate Vaccine Era with a Focus on Pneumococci

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. T. Devine ◽  
J. M. Jefferies ◽  
S. C. Clarke ◽  
S. N. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
National Immunisation ◽  
Bacterial Dynamics ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
National Immunisation Program ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
The Uk

Seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was included in the UK national immunisation program in 2006, and this was replaced by thirteen-valent PCV in 2010. During this time, the carriage of vaccine-typeStreptococcus pneumoniaedecreased but pneumococcal carriage remained stable due to increases in non-vaccine-typeS. pneumoniae. Carriage studies have been undertaken in various countries to monitor vaccine-type replacement and to help predict the serotypes, which may cause invasive disease. There has been less focus on how conjugate vaccines indirectly affect colonization of other nasopharyngeal bacteria. If the nasopharynx is treated as a niche, then bacterial dynamics are accepted to occur. Alterations in these dynamics have been shown due to seasonal changes, antibiotic use, and sibling/day care interaction. It has been shown that, following PCV7 introduction, an eradication of pneumococcal vaccine types has resulted in increases in the abundance of other respiratory pathogens includingHaemophilus influenzaeandStaphylococcus aureus. These changes are difficult to attribute to PCV7 introduction alone and these studies do not account for further changes due to PCV13 implementation. This review aims to describe nasopharyngeal cocarriage of respiratory pathogens in the PCV era.

scholarly journals Multiplex PCR reveals a high rate of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine serotypes co-colonizing indigenous Warao children in Venezuela

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismar A. Rivera-Olivero ◽  
Martijn Blommaart ◽  
Debby Bogaert ◽  
Peter W. M. Hermans ◽  
Jacobus H. de Waard
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Vaccine Serotypes ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Knowledge of co-colonization with multiple pneumococcal serotypes is becoming very important in the light of both serotype replacement and switching as a result of vaccination. Co-colonization has been reported to occur in up to 30 % of carriers, especially in populations with high Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage rates. For the determination of co-colonization, single colonies of nasopharyngeal specimens are serotyped with the Quellung method, a costly method with a low sensitivity. Here we explore the use of a multiplex PCR to identify simultaneous carriage of the capsular serotypes targeted by the 7-valent conjugate vaccine. We applied this multiplex PCR to 50 primary cultures from the nasopharyngeal swabs of healthy Warao Amerindian children, a population with a high pneumococcal carriage rate, most of them with vaccine serotypes, and we identified a second serotype in 20 % (n=10) of the pneumococci carriers. These results were confirmed by detailed serotyping of multiple colonies isolated from the primary culture with the Quellung method. We conclude that the multiplex PCR is a sensitive, simple and cost-effective method for detecting multiple serotypes in nasopharyngeal cultures, and thus might be useful for the monitoring of pneumococcal colonization over time, especially in the surveillance of nasopharyngeal colonization after conjugate vaccination.

scholarly journals Meningococcal and pneumococcal carriage in Hajj pilgrims: findings of a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Mamoon Badahdah ◽  
Marwan A Bakarman ◽  
Ameneh Khatami ◽  
Mohamed Tashani ◽  
Osamah Barasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background Intense congestion during the Hajj pilgrimage amplifies the risk of meningococcal carriage and disease, and there have been many meningococcal outbreaks reported amongst pilgrims. Thus, a strict vaccination policy is enforced by the host country and either polysaccharide or conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines are mandatory. However, unlike conjugate vaccines, the polysaccharide vaccine is not thought to reduce pharyngeal carriage of meningococci. Methods A single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial amongst pilgrims from Saudi Arabia and Australia during the Hajj seasons of 2016–2017 was conducted to compare MenACWY-Conjugate vaccine with MenACWY-Polysaccharide vaccine, to determine if the conjugate vaccine is more effective in reducing asymptomatic carriage of meningococci, and whether the effect may be long-standing. Oropharyngeal swabs were obtained pre-, immediately post- and 6–11 months following completion of Hajj and tested for the presence of meningococci. Results Amongst 2000 individuals approached, only 1146 participants aged 18–91 (mean 37.6) years agreed to participate and were randomized to receive either the polysaccharide (n = 561) or the conjugate (n = 561) vaccine, 60.8% were male, and 93.5% were from Saudi Arabia. Amongst oropharyngeal swabs obtained before Hajj, only two (0.2%) tested positive for Neisseria meningitidis. Similarly, meningococci were identified in only one sample at each of the post-Hajj and late follow-up visits. None of the carriage isolates were amongst the serogroups covered by the vaccines. A post hoc analysis of the third swabs revealed that 22.4% of all participants (50/223) were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae nucleic acid. Conclusion The low overall carriage rate of meningococci found amongst Hajj pilgrims in 2016 and 2017 demonstrates a successful vaccination policy, but neither supports nor refutes the superiority of meningococcal conjugate ACWY vaccine over the polysaccharide vaccine against carriage. Although an association could not be established in this study, molecular epidemiology would help to establish the role of Hajj in facilitating transmission of pneumococci and inform vaccination policy.

Pneumococcal Carriage and Invasive Disease in Children Before Introduction of the 13-valent Conjugate Vaccine

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolly Sharma ◽  
Wendy Baughman ◽  
Amy Holst ◽  
Stephanie Thomas ◽  
Delois Jackson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage following Reduced Doses of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and a 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Booster

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1970-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Russell ◽  
J. R. Carapetis ◽  
C. Satzke ◽  
L. Tikoduadua ◽  
L. Waqatakirewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Vaccine Booster ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a reduced-dose 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) primary series followed by a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPPS) booster on nasopharyngeal (NP) pneumococcal carriage. For this purpose, Fijian infants aged 6 weeks were randomized to receive 0, 1, 2, or 3 PCV doses. Within each group, half received 23vPPS at 12 months. NP swabs were taken at 6, 9, 12, and 17 months and were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Isolates were serotyped by multiplex PCR and a reverse line blot assay. There were no significant differences in PCV vaccine type (VT) carriage between the 3- and 2-dose groups at 12 months. NP VT carriage was significantly higher (P, <0.01) in the unvaccinated group than in the 3-dose group at the age of 9 months. There appeared to be a PCV dose effect in the cumulative proportion of infants carrying the VT, with less VT carriage occurring with more doses of PCV. Non-PCV serotype (NVT) carriage rates were similar for all PCV groups. When groups were pooled by receipt or nonreceipt of 23vPPS at 12 months, there were no differences in pneumococcal, VT, or NVT carriage rates between the 2 groups at the age of 17 months. In conclusion, there appeared to be a PCV dose effect on VT carriage, with less VT carriage occurring with more doses of PCV. By the age of 17 months, NVT carriage rates were similar for all groups. 23vPPS had no impact on carriage, despite the substantial boosts in antibody levels.

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