scholarly journals Bioinsecticides based on plant essential oils: a short overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 179-182
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Regulatory Challenges

AbstractInterest in the discovery and development of plant essential oils for use as bioinsecticides has grown enormously in the past 20 years. However, successful commercialization and utilization of crop protection products based on essential oils has thus far lagged far behind their promise based on this large body of research, most notably because with the exceptions of the USA and Australia, such products receive no special status from regulatory agencies that approve new pesticides for use. Essential oil-based insecticides have now been used in the USA for well over a decade, and more recently have seen use in the European Union (EU), Korea, and about a dozen other countries, with demonstrated efficacy against a wide range of pests and in numerous crop systems. For the most part these products are based on commodity essential oils developed as flavor and fragrance agents for the food and cosmetic industries, as there are formidable logistic, economic, and regulatory challenges to the use of many other essential oils that otherwise possess potentially useful bioactivity against pests. In spite of these limitations, the overall prospects for biopesticides, including those based on essential oils, are encouraging as the demand for sustainably-produced and/or organic food continues to increase worldwide.

Botanical Insecticides in the Twenty-First Century—Fulfilling Their Promise?

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray B. Isman
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
First Century ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Agricultural Regions

Academic interest in plant natural products with insecticidal properties has continued to grow in the past 20 years, while commercialization of new botanical insecticides and market expansion of existing botanicals has lagged considerably behind. Insecticides based on pyrethrum and neem (azadirachtin) continue to be standard bearers in this class of pesticides, but globally, their increased presence is largely a consequence of introduction into new jurisdictions. Insecticides based on plant essential oils are just beginning to emerge as useful plant protectants. Some countries (such as Turkey, Uruguay, the United Arab Emirates, and Australia) have relaxed regulatory requirements for specific plant extracts and oils, while in North America and the European Union, stricter requirements have slowed progress toward commercialization of new products. Botanicals are likely to remain niche products in many agricultural regions and may have the greatest impact in developing countries in tropical regions where the source plants are readily available and conventional products are both expensive and dangerous to users.

The UK Government’s Global Partnership Programme: Its Achievements Over the Past Five Years and Challenges Ahead

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Chemical Weapons ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Partnership ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nuclear Security ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Made In

Through the Global Partnership the UK continues to make a significant contribution to improve national and global security. Over the past year the UK has continued to implement a wide range of projects across the breadth of its Global Partnership Programme. As well as ensuring the Programme is robust and capable of dealing with new challenges, the UK has cooperated with other donor countries to help them progress projects associated with submarine dismantling, scientist redirection, enhancing nuclear security and Chemical Weapons Destruction. The Global Partnership, although only five years old, has already achieved a great deal. Some 23 states, plus the European Union, are now working closer together under the Global Partnership, and collectively have enhanced global regional and national security by reducing the availability of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) materials and expertise to both states of concern and terrorists. Considerable progress has already been made in, for example: • Improving the security of fissile materials, dangerous biological agents and chemical weapons stocks; • Reducing the number of sites containing radioactive materials; • Working towards closure of reactors still producing weapon-grade plutonium; • Improving nuclear safety to reduce the risks of further, Chernobyl style accidents; • Constructing facilities for destroying Chemical Weapons stocks, and starting actual destruction; • Providing sustainable employment for former WMD scientists to reduce the risk that their expertise will be misused by states or terrorists. By contributing to many of these activities, the UK has helped to make the world safer. This paper reports on the UK’s practical and sustainable contribution to the Global Partnership and identifies a number of challenges that remain if it is to have a wider impact on reducing the threats from WMD material.

scholarly journals International Community’s Approach to Western Balkans: In Search of Stability and Security

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (85) ◽  
pp. 64-88
Author(s):  
Janez Juvan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
International Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The article presents research on the international community’s engagement in the countries of the Western Balkans in the past and their possible approach in the future. The focus of our research is on the functioning of mechanisms through which the international community performs certain tasks in the region. These interventions are primarily political, in the form of conferences, political programmes, consultations, pressures and continuous persuasion. Economic initiatives follow afterwards. By using different reform approaches, international institutions try to improve cooperation with the European Union (EU) and countries such as the USA, Russia, Turkey and China. Our research attempts to identify possible methods and new solutions for individual cases of conflict in Western Balkans countries, especially where the international community is actively involved. On this basis, we created a more holistic approach. The application of these measures could make the necessary reforms of the future easier. Our approach emphasises all the elements of security that are essential to the stability of the region and for the prevention of conflicts in the future.

Regulatory law: some lessons from the past

Legal Studies ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Ogus
Keyword(s):  
Social Engineering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Single European Market ◽  
Regulatory Law ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Regulation as a legal form of social engineering has been subjected to much analysis in the last decade or so. The importance of the topic to contemporary law cannot be overstated: on the one hand, it has been the avowed aim of government to ‘deregulate’ industry; on the other hand, and paradoxically, both the concomitant policy of privatisation and the evolution towards a Single European Market have increased the need for regulation in appropriate areas. The efforts to explore the strengths and weaknesses of different regulatory forms have brought together scholars from a wide range of disciplines. Administrative lawyers have been concerned with how the power of decision-making is allocated between institutions and the general problems of accountability and control of discretion to which this gives rise. Socio-legal researchers have critically examined the practices of regulatory agencies as regards rule formulation and enforcement.

Health and Safety Strategies in a Changing Europe

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Walters
Keyword(s):  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Safety Strategies ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
New Challenges

This article presents a synthesis of some of the more significant findings from two recent surveys on working conditions and national strategies for their improvement in the European Union in the 1990s. As patterns and organization of employment have changed in the past decade, the consequences for health and safety present new challenges for legislators, the social partners, the regulatory agencies, and the specialists. These challenges are only partially met in most European member states. Because of the continued deregulation of employment, reduced public expenditure, and reduced trade union presence, the operation of strategies to implement a common framework of E.U. legislation is limited and often incomplete. This issue must be confronted if systems for promoting the well-being of people at work in Europe are to keep up with the rapidly changing nature of the risks that they face.

scholarly journals Implementation of International Legal Provisions on Preventing Corruption in the Russian Federation and Abroad

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
V A Jilkin
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

This article presents issues of the fight against corruption and analysis of anti-corruption processes in Russia, Finland, Israel, Great Britain and the USA. Issues of international cooperation in the anti-corruption sphere have already been considered by the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organisation, the Organisation of American States, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and the European Union. The fight against corruption in the Russian Federation is one of the key areas of consolidation of the statehood and it is being performed step by step through improvement of the legislation, activities of law enforcement, regulatory and public authorities of all levels as well as cultivation of civil intolerance to any manifestation of this social blemish. Russia is actively engaged in international dialogue on a wide range of issues for preventing corruption within the scope of coordination activities and international cooperation in different areas, including issues of anti-corruption in the sphere of sports, ecology and education. Cooperation with relevant international authorities and international organizations is one of the priorities of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation. Given that the Russian anti-corruption system is based on the national legal culture in the context of historical, social and economic development and specific social needs and interests, the author emphasizes that anti-corruption cooperation shall be based on respect for national legal systems and compliance with the international law under coordination of the UN. Legislative proposals on the need for introducing grounds for application on recovery of property, owned by corrupt officials and registered under a third party’s name, to the public revenue and increasing the terms of imprisonment for bribery, which shall be prepared for further improvement of the anti-corruption law.

scholarly journals Medicines policy and drug company investments: the Irish experience

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Hans Lofgren
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Industry Policy ◽  
The Developed Countries

THIS BOOK IS ABOUT MANIFESTATIONS of power in medicines and pharmaceutical industry policy. The main focus is on the Republic of Ireland but there are chapters also on drug regulation in Canada, Britain and Australia. The multinational pharma companies loom larger in Ireland than in most other countries; several chapters detail the implications for this small country of the presence of a major cluster of global drug companies. Globalisation is the hallmark of the drug sector; innovation and production occur within international networks which are mirrored by interaction between regulatory agencies which operate similar systems of control and monitoring. Since the 1990s, many aspects of product safety regulation have been standardised across the developed countries through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) process, sponsored by the regulatory agencies and industry associations of the USA, the European Union and Japan. While orchestrating vast scientific, economic and technological resources, the big pharma companies participate as insiders in national policy processes, such as those described in this book. Firms typically affirm a commitment to the health and economic concerns of the local jurisdiction ? however governments cannot help but be sensitive to their global reach and power to choose where to invest.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallappa Kumara Swamy ◽  
Mohd Sayeed Akhtar ◽  
Uma Rani Sinniah
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

A wide range of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been explored for their essential oils in the past few decades. Essential oils are complex volatile compounds, synthesized naturally in different plant parts during the process of secondary metabolism. Essential oils have great potential in the field of biomedicine as they effectively destroy several bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The presence of different types of aldehydes, phenolics, terpenes, and other antimicrobial compounds means that the essential oils are effective against a diverse range of pathogens. The reactivity of essential oil depends upon the nature, composition, and orientation of its functional groups. The aim of this article is to review the antimicrobial potential of essential oils secreted from MAPs and their possible mechanisms of action against human pathogens. This comprehensive review will benefit researchers who wish to explore the potential of essential oils in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules against a broad range of drug-resistant pathogenic microbes.

scholarly journals Food Chemistry: a Kazakhstan Perspective on the Maillard Reaction and Acrylamide Formation in Common Foods

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Zh. Kudiyarova ◽  
Zh. Lesova ◽  
T.Y. Curtis ◽  
N. Muttucumaru ◽  
J. Postles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Chemistry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

The Maillard reaction is largely responsible for the colour, flavour, aroma and texture of fried, baked and roasted foods, including bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals and other foods made from wheat grain, French fries and crisps made from potato and a wide range of other popular foods. However, it also results in the<br />formation of undesirable products, including the neurotoxin and probable carcinogen, acrylamide, and furans. Kazakhstan is a major wheat producer and exports wheat grain to many countries, including countries within the European Union. The European Commission has already issued "indicator levels" for the presence of acrylamide in food products. Although these are not regulatory limits, food producers strive to keep the levels<br />of acrylamide in their products beneath the indicator levels in order to avoid intervention from food safety authorities and the associated bad publicity. Sourcing raw material with low acrylamide forming potential would enable food producers to achieve this without expensive changes to processesand this is likely to be an increasingly important issue for suppliers. This review describes the Maillard reaction, the evolving regulatory<br />scenarios in Europe and the USA and the implications for Kazakhstan as a grain exporter.

Ecology and environmental protection: laws and realities in the USA, Russia and the European Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Лазарь Брославский ◽  
Lazar Broslavskiy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
University Professors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa

The monograph is devoted to the comparative analysis of the current environmental legislation and the practice of its application in Russia, the USA and the European Union. The paper proposes a number of theoretical provisions and proposals for improving the legal protection of the environment in Russia. The book is intended for researchers, University professors, students, graduate students; politicians; employees of Federal, regional and municipal authorities and management, regulatory and law enforcement agencies, advocacy; specialists in industry, transport, construction, public services and other sectors of the economy; businessmen seeking to find new areas of business; as well as a wide range of readers interested in this problem and wishing to take an active part in the public environmental movement.

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