scholarly journals Analysis of Growth and Physiological Variations Among Cyclocarya Species of Different Genotypes in a Clonal Seed Orchard

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Feng ◽  
Xiaofeng Li ◽  
Junpo Huang ◽  
Guangxin Lin ◽  
Xinyu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Physiological Variations

Abstract Background: Cyclocarya paliurus (C. paliurus) is a woody species that has many medical benefits to human health. Geographical species has been formed among different natural forests of C. paliurus, but gradually decrease or extinct by human’s excessively exploitation in recent years. So, it is worthy to conserve this native and valuable species in China. Environmental factors affected plant growth, and seed is the only way for breeding offspring among Cyclocarya species, herein, we assess plant growth of six genotypes (FJ, JX, TG, WF, JH, AJ) from 2017 to 2019 year and physiological variations from April to October in 2018 during the construction of a clonal seed orchard.Results: The survival rate of plant reached 100% in a C. paliurus seed orchard. Plant height and basal diameter varied in different genotypes. Plant of six genotypes had different changes in water content and total soluble sugar content from April to October, Ca content reached maximum among the four detected mineral content, four kinds of antioxidant enzyme activity was in order of SOD＞PPO＞POD＞CAT, and the highest content of phytochemical was total flavonoid. Plant growth and physiological changes during growth period was significantly correlated with environment factors by correlation analysis. Conclusions: Plants of ex situ conservation adapted changeable environmental factors by physiological changes and showed the differentiation of plant growth in a clonal seed orchard. This would provide a foundation for ex situ conservation management in Cyclocarya species and selection of suitable cultivation provenance.

scholarly journals Exogenous Melatonin Modulates the Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn)

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2828
Author(s):  
Md. Shakhawat Hossain ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Ashim Sikdar ◽  
Mirza Hasanuzzaman ◽  
Ferdinand Uzizerimana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin

Tartary buckwheat is one of the nutritious minor cereals and is grown in high-cold mountainous areas of arid and semi-arid zones where drought is a common phenomenon, potentially reducing the growth and yield. Melatonin, which is an amphiphilic low molecular weight compound, has been proven to exert significant effects in plants, under abiotic stresses, but its role in the Tartary buckwheat under drought stress remains unexplored. We evaluated the influence of melatonin supplementation on plant morphology and different physiological activities, to enhance tolerance to posed drought stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviating lipid peroxidation. Drought stress decreased the plant growth and biomass production compared to the control. Drought also decreased Chl a, b, and the Fv/Fm ratio by 54%, 70%, and 8%, respectively, which was associated with the disorganized stomatal properties. Under drought stress, H2O2, O2•−, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased by 2.30, 2.43, and 2.22-folds, respectively, which caused oxidative stress. In contrast, proline and soluble sugar content were increased by 84% and 39%, respectively. However, exogenous melatonin (100 µM) could improve plant growth by preventing ROS-induced oxidative damage by increasing photosynthesis, enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase), secondary metabolites like phenylalanine ammonialyase, phenolics, and flavonoids, total antioxidant scavenging (free radical DPPH scavenging), and maintaining relative water content and osmoregulation substances under water stress. Therefore, our study suggested that exogenous melatonin could accelerate drought resistance by enhancing photosynthesis and antioxidant defense in Tartary buckwheat plants.

Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. II. Relative effectiveness of maternal and biparental selection

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kriebel
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard

Sap sugar data taken in four progeny plantations of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) were analyzed to evaluate breeding methods for high sap sugar concentration. Two of the plantations included progeny from open pollination of mass-selected trees, one included progeny from a clonal seed orchard, and one included progeny from a breeding experiment. The plantations differed in proportions of maternal selection and biparental selection employed. Maternal selection was ineffective as a means of achieving gain for high sugar bush productivity, whereas biparental selection was clearly effective. Gain in rogued progeny plantations from maternal selection was no greater than would be expected from roguing progenies of unselected parents. Low female parent – offspring correlations were attributed to nonrandom mating resulting from insect pollination, rather than low heritability. The use of lower testing "standard" trees in mass selection favors low or mediocre performance of progenies, because of the probability that standards will contribute to the progeny gene pool. Biparental selection was effective through (i) open intercrossing of high-performing seed orchard clones and (ii) controlled pollination of selected superior trees. Seed orchard progeny could be selected by age 13 years and subsequently rogued to final sugar bush spacing. Long-term data support a prediction that the mature sugar bush will average about 4.5% sap sugar concentration. One gallon (1 gal = 3.79 L) of maple syrup of that concentration requires 18.4 gal of sap, compared with an average of 43 gal required from Ohio sugar bushes. The gain from biparental selection and intensive roguing of progeny is estimated to be about 40% greater than similar roguing of plantations from unselected or maternally selected parents.

scholarly journals Proper Nacl Alleviates Osmotic Stress in Lycium Ruthenicum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hu ◽  
Xiaoke Hu ◽  
Huiwen Zhang ◽  
Qiushi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lycium Ruthenicum

Abstract Lycium ruthenicum is a salt-accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies showed that a certain amount of NaCl resulted in promoting plant growth. To investigate the mechanism of Na+ to plant growth and the effect of drought stress, the growth, photosynthesis, water status and K+, Na+ transport related genes were subjected to different NaCl treatments and osmotic stress in the presence or absence of additional NaCl were assessed. Compared to the control, 50 mM NaCl strongly boosted the fresh weight, dry weight and relative growth rate of L. ruthenicum, and significantly increased the concentration of Na+, the K+ concentration in roots and stems remained stable, while which in leaves increased significantly. Furthermore, the addition of 50 mM NaCl sharply up-regulated the expression of LrSOS1 in roots, LrNHX and LrVP1 in leaves, LrHKT1 down-regulated in roots, it’s the reason why a high quantity of Na+ was accumulated in leaves under 50 mM NaCl. LrAKT1 up-regulated in roots, LrSKOR decreased first and then increased in roots, whereas LrSKOR in leaves remained stable and slightly up-regulated, thereby absorb a large amount of K+ by LrAKT1 and transport it to the leaf through LrSKOR. Moreover, external NaCl apparently alleviated the inhibition of osmotic stress in plant growth. Compared with the drought treatment, the addition of 50 mM NaCl significantly increased the Na+ and K+ content in roots, stems and leaves of L. ruthenicum, resulted in a decrease in proline content and no significant change in soluble sugar content, it is speculated that NaCl treatment could significantly improve the Na+, K+ concentration, thus enhance the osmotic regulation ability of plants, and then improve the photosynthesis and water status of L. ruthenicum.

scholarly journals Micropropagation of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) from a clonal seed orchard

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 281-282
Author(s):  
Olivera Tančeva Crmarić ◽  
Davorin Kajba
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Wild Cherry ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Prunus Avium L

Velika pozornost pridaje se divljoj trešnji (Prunus avium L.) zbog plemenitog i visokovrijednog drva, ali i zbog važnosti očuvanja njezine genetičke raznolikosti. Oplemenjivanje divlje trešnje uobičajenim metodama uzgoja mogao bi biti vrlo spor proces, otežan time da je u prirodi teško dobiti redovne i dovoljne količine sjemena. Iako osnivanje klonskih sjemenskih plantaža osigurava redovitiji prinos kvalitetnog sjemena, ipak ostaje ovisnost od vremenskih prilika koje utječu na cvjetanje tj. prinos sjemena, kao i prisutne poteškoće kod klijavosti sjemena. Određene biotehnološke metode in vitro ubrzavaju proces i osiguravaju genetičku stabilnost. Najbrži i najkvalitetniji način oplemenjivanja divlje trešnje je mikroklonalna propagacija rejuveniliziranih jedinki, adultnih, elitnih genotipova s dobro razvijenim sustavom vlastitog korijena. Optimalizacija procesa omogućava smanjivanje problema i troškove proizvodnje, a osigurano je i očuvanje aditivnih i neaditivnih sastavnica genetičke varijabilnosti. Dobivanje kvalitetnih sadnica s poznatim svoj­stvima, i to u vrlo kratkom vremenu, koristilo bi za osnivanje i nadopunu klonskih plantaža i za izravno pošumljavanje određenih površina ili popunjavanje šumskih sastojina elitnim genotipovima. Ex situ konzervacija, u klonskim plantažama, omogućava i očuvanje genetičke konstitucije bez promjena, ili s minimalnom mogućnošću promjena kroz mutacije, selekcije, driftom ili kontaminacijom sadnog materijala. Uvođenjem novih metoda očuvanja genetičkih resursa divlje trešnje, kao što su vegetativno razmnožavanje in vitro ili krioprezervacija, povećala bi se mogućnost kontrole genetičke stabilnosti, posebice genotipizacijom svakog klona. Iz osnovane klonske sjemenske plantaže divlje trešnje, na području Šumarije Kutina, u proces proizvodnje in vitro uvedena su ukupno 24 genotipa (selekcioniranih plus stabala). Korištene su grančice s formiranim pupovima u fazi dormancije, ali i tijekom porasta za uvođenje odabranog materijala u in vitro postupak i masovno vegetativno razmnožavanje. Ukupno su 23 klona uspješno uvedena u početnu kulturu. Uspostavljanju početne kulture najviše se opirao klon L3, koji jedini od 24 odabrana klona nije imao uspješnu dezinfekciju bez obzira što je više puta materijal uziman kroz različita godišnja doba. Tijekom ovih pokusa klon L3 nije uveden u početnoj kulturi. Istražena je mogućnost optimalizacije rutinske metode mikrorazmnožavanja klonova po svim fazama. Utvrđene su aseptičke tehnike koje omogućuju uvođenje početne kulture kroz cijelu godinu (tablica 1). Utvrđeni su jedinstveni sastavi hranidbenih podloga (tablica 2) i kombinacija biljnih hormona (tablica 3) po fazama in vitro proizvodnje, što je rezultiralo dobivanjem kvalitetnih biljaka uz vrlo dobro preživljavanje tijekom procesa aklimatizacije. Za mikropropagaciju su korišteni BAP-1,0 mg/L, Kinetin-0,5 mg/L i IAA-0,5 mg/L, što je rezultiralo multiplikacijskom stopom 3-9 uz visinu biljaka 1,5-3,0 cm (slika 1). Zakorijenjivanje mikrobiljaka je postignuto kombinacijom IAA-2,0 mg/L, IBA-2,0 mg/L s dodatkom GA3-0,2 mg/L, te je potvrđeno da se kombinacijom regulatora rasta po svim fazama dobivaju kvalitetnije i veće biljke, uz vrlo dobro preživljavanje tijekom procesa aklimatizacije. Na osnovi dosadašnjih istraživanja mikropropagacije divlje trešnje, u ovome je radu bio cilj istražiti mogućnost optimalizacije rutinske metode kulture tkiva za razmnožavanje klonova (plus stabala) divlje trešnje po svim fazama od početne kulture, mikrorazmnožavanja, izduživanja, zakorijenjivanja te aklimatizacije i dorade bi­ljaka in vivo do komercijalne sadnice (slika 2).

scholarly journals Variability in Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics among Various Clones ofDalbergia sissooin a Clonal Seed Orchard

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sharma ◽  
Meena Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Biochemical Constituents ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Variability

Growth and physiological variability among clones ofDalbergia sissoogrowing in a CSO revealed maximum height and GBH in Gonda clones (C196 and C198) and minimum growth attributes in Rajasthan clones. All biochemical constituents except sugar were also maximum in Gonda clones. Maximum chl. a, total chl., and chlorofluorescence (CF) were recorded in C235 and C123 while chl. b was maximum in C198. Among tested clones, sugar content was maximum in C60 (Chhachhrauli) while C198 (Gonda) revealed maximum protein content. Heritability estimates of 8 characters at 99% revealed strong genetic control of total chls., sugars, proteins, and chl. b; however, maximum genetic gains of 117% and 80% were recorded for sugar and protein content, respectively. Correlation matrix revealed a positive correlation between height and GBH and CF. Among biochemical constituents, chl. a, and chl. b, chl. b, and total chl. were correlated significantly at 0.1% level. Regarding contribution of different parameters to variability, height and GBH were the greatest contributors. Clustering of clones on the basis of all three parameters separated clones in one major and six minor clusters. Average distance from centroid was found to be 22.61 whereas the maximum distance from centroid was 50.75.

scholarly journals Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Chlorophyll, Photosynthesis, Soluble Sugar and Flavonoids of Ginkgo biloba

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng XU ◽  
Shuiyuan CHENG ◽  
Jun ZHU ◽  
Weiwei ZHANG ◽  
Yan WANG
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Total Polyphenols ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Chl A

The flavonoid content determines the quality of Ginkgo biloba that can be increased by using of plant growth regulators. The objective of study was to observe the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a key precursor in the biosynthesis of porphyrins and a new plant growth regulator, on photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and soluble sugar content, flavonoid accumulation, and flavonoid enzyme activity in G. biloba leaves. The ginkgo seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions under low levels (10 and 100 mg l-1) of foliar application of ALA. Photosynthetic rates of leaves increased significantly at day 4 in response to both ALA concentrations and remained elevated as compared to control for further 12 days. Chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents were significantly increased by day 4 and continued to increase by day 16; however, Chl a/b ratio remained unchanged. Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) activities were increased from day 4 to 16 after ALA treatment. The increase in chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents, and activities of flavonoid enzymes (PAL, CHS and CHI) were likely to be closely associated with improvement of the accumulation of total polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and advance of leaf quality by ALA treatment. Foliar treatment with a low concentration of ALA therefore, might provide a useful means of improving pharmacological properties of G. biloba leaves.

scholarly journals Apple Scion Cultivars Regulate the Rhizosphere Microbiota of Scion/rootstock Combinations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Xiaofen Chai ◽  
Xiaona Wang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Xuefeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Rhizosphere Bacterial Community

Abstract Grafting is a useful technique in the production of horticultural products. In addition to providing root system, rootstocks can increase stress tolerance of plants, influence scion growth and fruit yield, and harbor rich microbial community. But whether the scion modify plant growth, rootstock phenotypes and rhizosphere bacterial community has not been clearly investigated. Here, 14 different combinations of two scion cultivars grafted on 7 rootstock genotypes were used as research materials, we analyzed the plant traits, rhizosphere bacterial community, and potential functionalities across these plants in the same orchard. We found that apple scion cultivars influenced the tree high and trunk circumference, and the sugar concentration in root varied significantly between scion cultivars, especially fructose and sucrose. Apple scion cultivars was the largest source of variation in the rhizosphere bacterial diversity and taxonomic composition of grafted combinations. The dominant rhizosphere bacterial taxa were correlated with the root sugar concentration, especially sucrose. And the PICRUSt showed that rhizosphere bacteria contained fructose and sucrose metabolism and with plant growth-promoting traits. Additionally, the scion cultivar significantly affected the predicted metabolism of the rhizosphere-associated bacterial communities. Our results showed that apple scion varieties could regulate the composition and structure of rhizosphere bacterial community in different scion / rootstock combinations, which may be achieved by controlling soluble sugar content, especially sucrose in roots.

Evaluation of Different Clones (Grafts) of Kachnar (Bauhinia variegata L.) for Morphometric Characters in a Clonal Seed Orchard

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-227
Author(s):  
I.K. Thakur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Leaf Width ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
Leaf Yield

Firstly thirty two genotypes of the species, collected from different areas, were evaluated for growth traits, mineral nutrients and proximate principles after four years in a previously raised progeny trial. In this way top eighteen genotypes were selected and grafted separately on seedling stock of the same species and a clonal seed orchard was established which consisted of eighteen clones (grafted) raised in RBD with three replications. After five years the observations were recorded on individual ramet viz; plant height, basal diameter, leaf width, leaf length, number of branches, petiole length and green leaf yield. Significant differences among clones were observed for different morphometric traits. Various genetic parameters and correlation coefficients for different growth characters were determined. The highest percent GCV (33.20) and PCV(36.02) as also heritability (84.95) were exhibited by green leaf yield while maximum GA (3.23) was noticed in leaf width. The highest percent GG (61.86) was recorded for green leaf yield. Significantly positive correlations were observed between plant height and basal diameter (0.6086), plant height and green leaf yield (0.8461), basal diameter and green leaf yield (0.6924), leaf width and leaf length (0.6490), leaf width and green leaf yield (0.5688) and leaf length and green leaf yield (0.4225).

scholarly journals Influence of heat stress on leaf morphology and nitrogen–carbohydrate metabolisms in two wucai (Brassica campestris L.) genotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Yuan ◽  
Ling Tang ◽  
Shidong Zhu ◽  
Jinfeng Hou ◽  
Guohu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Nitrogen Assimilation ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Heat Tolerant

Heat stress is a major environmental stress that limits plant growth and yield worldwide. The present study was carried out to explore the physiological mechanism of heat tolerant to provide the theoretical basis for heat-tolerant breeding. The changes of leaf morphology, anatomy, nitrogen assimilation, and carbohydrate metabolism in two wucai genotypes (WS-1, heat tolerant; WS-6, heat sensitive) grown under heat stress (40°C/30°C) for 7 days were investigated. Our results showed that heat stress hampered the plant growth and biomass accumulation in certain extent in WS-1 and WS-6. However, the inhibition extent of WS-1 was significantly smaller than WS-6. Thickness of leaf lamina, upper epidermis, and palisade mesophyll were increased by heat in WS-1, which might be contributed to the higher assimilation of photosynthates. During nitrogen assimilation, WS-1 possessed the higher nitrogen-related metabolic enzyme activities, including nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), which were reflected by higher photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) with respect to WS-6. The total amino acids level had no influence in WS-1, whereas it was reduced in WS-6 by heat. And the proline contents of both wucai genotypes were all increased to respond the heat stress. Additionally, among all treatments, the total soluble sugar content of WS-1 by heat got the highest level, including higher contents of sucrose, fructose, and starch than those of WS-6. Moreover, the metabolism efficiency of sucrose to starch in WS-1 was greater than WS-6 under heat stress, proved by higher activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), acid invertase (AI), and amylase. These results demonstrated that leaf anatomical alterations resulted in higher nitrogen and carbon assimilation in heat-tolerant genotype WS-1, which exhibited a greater performance to resist heat stress.

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