scholarly journals The Science of Witness Memory: Implications for Practice and Procedure in International Arbitration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley A. Wade ◽  
Ula Cartwright-Finch
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Witness Memory

Witness evidence plays a lead role in international arbitrations, yet the reliability of witness evidence in arbitral contexts has received little attention from legal practitioners. Hundreds of scientific studies have highlighted the fragile nature of witness memory and the ease with which memories can become unwittingly corrupted. In this article, we explain why the psychological research on witness memory is relevant to international arbitration and outline some of the key findings that have important implications for procedure and practice. Alongside the large body of science illustrating the malleability of witness memory, there exists a substantial amount of research outlining how best to preserve or maximize the quantity and quality of witness evidence. Indeed, many simple measures can be adopted by arbitrators and counsel, when eliciting and presenting witness evidence. When educated on the psychological science concerning the factors that can render even the most meticulous and honest witness prone to error, fact-finders will be in a far better position to assess witness evidence in international arbitrations.

Cost, Utility, and Judgments of Institutional Review Boards

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Scientific Merit ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Review Boards

Recently, Psychological Science published a series of articles on the interplay of ethics and scientific quality in psychological research (Parkinson, 1994, Pomerantz, 1994, Rosenthal, 1994, Sears, 1994) In the first of these, Rosenthal (1994) argued that the ethical and scientific quality of such research are in fact inextricably linked His case was logically tethered to a cost/utility ratio analysis of research Because all research carries with it some expenditure of resources (“cost”), the conduct of research possessing little scientific merit (and thus, presumably, little “utility”) cannot be justified

scholarly journals Research on Research: A Meta-Scientific Study of Problems and Solutions in Psychological Science

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele B. Nuijten
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Research On Research ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Meta Analyses

SUMMARY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION: Psychology is facing a “replication crisis”. Many psychological findings could not be replicated in novel samples, which lead to the growing concern that many published findings are overly optimistic or even false. In this dissertation, we investigated potential indicators of problems in the published psychological literature. In Part I of this dissertation, we looked at inconsistencies in reported statistical results in published psychology papers. To facilitate our research, we developed the free tool statcheck; a “spellchecker” for statistics. In Part II, we investigated bias in published effect sizes. We showed that in the presence of publication bias, the overestimation of effects can become worse if you combine studies. Indeed, in meta-analyses from the social sciences we found strong evidence that published effects are overestimated. These are worrying findings, and it is important to think about concrete solutions to improve the quality of psychological research. Some of the solutions we propose are preregistration, replication, and transparency. We argue that to select the best strategies to improve psychological science, we need research on research: meta-research.

scholarly journals Replications in Psychology Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Makel ◽  
Jonathan A. Plucker ◽  
Boyd Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Replication Rate ◽  
Publication History ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Article

Recent controversies in psychology have spurred conversations about the nature and quality of psychological research. One topic receiving substantial attention is the role of replication in psychological science. Using the complete publication history of the 100 psychology journals with the highest 5-year impact factors, the current article provides an overview of replications in psychological research since 1900. This investigation revealed that roughly 1.6% of all psychology publications used the term replication in text. A more thorough analysis of 500 randomly selected articles revealed that only 68% of articles using the term replication were actual replications, resulting in an overall replication rate of 1.07%. Contrary to previous findings in other fields, this study found that the majority of replications in psychology journals reported similar findings to their original studies (i.e., they were successful replications). However, replications were significantly less likely to be successful when there was no overlap in authorship between the original and replicating articles. Moreover, despite numerous systemic biases, the rate at which replications are being published has increased in recent decades.

The Goldwater Rule: Perspectives From, and Implications for, Psychological Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
scott lilienfeld ◽  
Josh Miller ◽  
Donald Lynam
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Psychiatric Status ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Duty To Inform

When, if ever, should psychological scientists be permitted to offer professional opinions concerning the mental health of public figures they have never directly examined? This contentious question, which attracted widespread public attention during the 1964 U.S. presidential election involving Barry Goldwater, received renewed scrutiny during and after the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, when many mental health professionals raised pointed questions concerning the psychiatric status of Donald Trump. Although the Goldwater Rule prohibits psychiatrists from offering diagnostic opinions on individuals they have never examined, no comparable rule exists for psychologists. We contend that, owing largely to the Goldwater Rule’s origins in psychiatry, a substantial body of psychological research on assessment and clinical judgment, including work on the questionable validity of unstructured interviews, the psychology of cognitive biases, and the validity of informant reports and of L (lifetime) data, has been overlooked in discussions of its merits. We conclude that although the Goldwater Rule may have been defensible several decades ago, it is outdated and premised on dubious scientific assumptions. We further contend that there are select cases in which psychological scientists with suitable expertise may harbor a “duty to inform,” allowing them to offer informed opinions concerning public figures’ mental health with appropriate caveats.

Intersectionality as a Framework for Theory and Research in Feminist Psychology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah R. Warner ◽  
Stephanie A. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Social Activism ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
History Of

Intersectionality theory concerns the interdependence of systems of inequality and implications for psychological research. Social identities cannot be studied independently of one another nor separately from the societal processes that maintain inequality. In this chapter we provide a brief overview of the history of intersectionality theory and then address how intersectionality theory challenges the way psychological theories typically conceive of the person, as well as the methods of data gathering and analysis customarily used by many psychologists. We specifically address two concerns often expressed by feminist researchers. First, how to reconcile the use of an intersectionality framework with currently-valued psychological science practices. Second, how intersectionality transforms psychology’s concern with individual experience by shifting the focus to the individual’s position within sociostructural frameworks and their social and political underpinnings. In a concluding section we identify two future directions for intersectionality theory: how psychological research on intersectionality can facilitate social activism, and current developments in intersectionality theory.

History of Sexual Orientation and Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Kristin A. Hancock ◽  
Douglas C. Haldeman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
The Impact

Psychology’s understanding of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people has evolved, become more refined, and impacted the lives of LGB people in profound ways. This chapter traces the history of LGB psychology from the nineteenth century to the present and focuses on major events and the intersections of theory, psychological science, politics, and activism in the history of this field. It explores various facets of cultural and psychological history that include the pathologizing of homosexuality, the rise of psychological science and the political movements in the mid-twentieth century, and the major shifts in policy that ensued. The toll of the AIDS epidemic on the field is discussed as is the impact of psychological research on national and international policy and legislation.

Pornography Use and Psychological Science: A Call for Consideration

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Joshua B. Grubbs ◽  
Shane W. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Development ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Romantic Satisfaction

Pornography use is both ubiquitous and controversial in developed nations. Although research related to pornography use has flourished in topical and special-interest journals for several decades, much of this work has remained in the periphery of mainstream interests. The current article reviews how pornography use is likely relevant to various domains within psychological science, particularly emphasizing its significance in relationship research, adolescent-development research, and clinical science. Specifically, pornography use is likely salient to research examining both sexual and romantic satisfaction. Additionally, it is also likely relevant to understanding adolescent sexual development, particularly among sexual-minority populations. Finally, a large body of research suggests that pornography use may become problematic, either because of excessive use or moral incongruence about such use, illustrating its salience in clinical psychological science. Collectively, the current research related to pornography use suggests that it is of interest to multiple domains in psychological science and that its effects can range from positive to neutral to negative.

Effects of Child Care on Psychological Development: Issues and Future Directions for Research

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069-1070
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Friedman ◽  
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn ◽  
Deborah Vandell ◽  
Marsha Weinraub
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Study Child

Research about the effects of child care on the psychological development of children has been stimulated by social reality. Industrialized societies, including the US, have witnessed two simultaneous social trends: an increase in the number of mothers in the work force and a decrease in the age at which children enter child-care arrangements.1-3 These trends, in conjunction with cultural beliefs, psychological theories, and research findings emphasizing the important role of mothers in early child development,4-6 have motivated researchers to investigate the effects of maternal employment and of child care on the development of infants and older children. Issues facing developmental psychologists who study child care and its effect on children's development are theoretical, methodological, and budgetary. The waves of psychological research about child care1 reflect changes in conceptual emphasis: Originally, it seemed sufficient to compare children reared in any child-care context with those reared by the mother as the primary care provider. As the results from these investigations were accumulating, investigators recognized a need to focus on variations in the quality of child-care arrangements and to relate these to children's psychological development. Because of issues of access to child-care arrangements, much of the research on quality of care that was generated pertained to center-based care. Most recently, investigators have turned their attention to the relationship between demographic characteristics of families and their choices of child-care arrangements for their children. Even though the research appeared in waves, they all continue to coexist and they all elaborate and enrich our knowledge. Investigators are now interested in weaving the earlier lines of research into a more comprehensive framework.

Pateicības izpausmes folklorā psiholoģiskā kontekstā

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Ieva Ančevska
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Health And Well Being

The article examines the depiction of gratitude and related events in Latvian folklore through comparative evaluation. Gratitude is considered in a psychological context, comparing the attitude expressed in folklore with the findings of modern scientific research. Gratitude is a concept that is usually associated with a relationship or a benefit, it is most often aimed outwards, dedicated to someone else, but at the same time, it creates a pleasant feeling within the person. In modern psychology, gratitude is receiving more and more attention from researchers because its manifestations stimulate the formation of positive emotions and contribute to the improvement of the person’s overall well-being. Research and clinical studies in psychotherapy confirm that gratitude plays an important role in improving mental health and reducing depressive, destructive feelings. In turn, neuroscience research shows the potential of a grateful and positive attitude in strengthening psycho-emotional health and well-being in general. In Latvian folklore, gratitude is depicted as an important part of ritual events, which helps to ensure a positive, balanced connection with the forces of nature, gods, and society. In folklore, the importance of gratitude is emphasised more when building family relationships or accepting various situations and occurrences in life. In both psychological research and the practice of systemic therapy, as well as in folklore, gratitude appears as one of the most important values of interpersonal connection, which promotes the formation of harmonious relationships. Similar to the opinions of psychology, the folk world views emphasise the motivational role of gratitude in improving the quality of human life and health in general.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGY OF COMPLEX AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCHES IN MODERN PSYCHOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. MAZILOV
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment

The article is devoted to the evaluation of perspectives of interdisciplinary researches using in psychological science in modern conditions. There are formulated approaches that let to improve the efficiency of interdisciplinary researches. Although this issue has received considerable attention of researchers, the problem is not solved at the moment. The theory of complex psychological researches as a scientific concept, reflecting the specificity of psychological research has not been developed yet. The reason for this is that researchers try to develop the principles of organization and procedure of this kind of researches. It is possible to develop the methodology and theory of complex psychological researches, based on the understanding of the subject of psychology. It is alleged that at present time the most adequate understanding of the subject of psychology is his interpretation like the subjective world of human.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document