scholarly journals Deconstructing the side-effect effect: Separate inferences of intentions to harm and to help based on social information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Vonasch ◽  
Paul Conway ◽  
Stephen Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Information Hypothesis ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Normative Expectations

The classic side-effect-effect (SEE) entails judging harmful side-effects more intentional than helpful side-effects. We suggest this effect reflects two distinct components, with people drawing on different social information to disambiguate motives to harm from ambiguous motives, versus motives to help from ambiguous motives. We tested this model by altering social information in several ways. Harmful intentions were impacted by manipulations reducing the diagnosticity of the CEO’s intentions by introducing external pressures (e.g., a gunman demanding they start a harmful program). This pattern suggests that perceptions of harmful intentions reflect inferences about harmful motives in the absence of external pressures. Conversely, helpful intentions were impacted by manipulations of the CEO’s stated intentions. Changing the CEO’s statement to be more pro-environmental flips perceptions from unintentional to probably intentional, eliminating the classic SEE difference between helping and harming intentions. Conversely, verbal justifications do not impact perceptions of harmful intent. Thus, judging harmful actions as intentional depends on unjustified trade-offs—in the absence of justifiable reasons to cause harm, harmful acts speak louder than words. Conversely, perceptions of helpful intent depend on verbal justifications clashing with normative expectations of positive self-presentation. Together, these results support the social information hypothesis, as changing relevant diagnostic social information about the CEO’s intentions changed people’s judgments, even to the point of eliminating the SEE.

Unjustifiably Irresponsible: The Effects of Social Roles on Attributions of Intent

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062097108
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Rowe ◽  
Andrew J. Vonasch ◽  
Michael-John Turp
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Information ◽  
The Social

How do people’s social roles change others’ perceptions of their intentions to cause harm? Three preregistered vignette-based experiments ( N = 788) manipulated the social role of someone causing harm and measured how intentional people thought the harm was. Results indicate that people judge harmful consequences as intentional when they think the actor unjustifiably caused harm. Social roles were shown to alter intention judgments by making people responsible for preventing harm (thereby rendering the harm as an intentional neglect of one’s responsibilities) or for causing the harm (thereby excusing it as an unintentional byproduct of the role). Additionally, Experiment 3 conceptually replicated and moderated the side-effect effect —revealing that people think harmful side effects are intentional when the harm is unjustified but not when a role’s responsibility justifies it. We discuss the importance of social information—including roles—in how people judge others’ intentions.

scholarly journals Social learning strategies and predation risk: minnows copy only when using private information would be costly

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1653) ◽  
pp. 2869-2876 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M Webster ◽  
K.N Laland
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Costly Information ◽  
Information Hypothesis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Learning From Others ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

Animals can acquire information from the environment privately, by sampling it directly, or socially, through learning from others. Generally, private information is more accurate, but expensive to acquire, while social information is cheaper but less reliable. Accordingly, the ‘costly information hypothesis’ predicts that individuals will use private information when the costs associated with doing so are low, but that they should increasingly use social information as the costs of using private information rise. While consistent with considerable data, this theory has yet to be directly tested in a satisfactory manner. We tested this hypothesis by giving minnows ( Phoxinus phoxinus ) a choice between socially demonstrated and non-demonstrated prey patches under conditions of low, indirect and high simulated predation risk. Subjects had no experience (experiment 1) or prior private information that conflicted with the social information provided by the demonstrators (experiment 2). In both experiments, subjects spent more time in the demonstrated patch than in the non-demonstrated patch, and in experiment 1 made fewer switches between patches, when risk was high compared with when it was low. These findings are consistent with the predictions of the costly information hypothesis, and imply that minnows adopt a ‘copy-when-asocial-learning-is-costly’ learning strategy.

Rape Reporting to the Police: Exploring the Social Psychological Impact of a Persuasive Campaign on Cognitions, Attitudes, Normative Expectations and Reporting Intentions

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans Willem Winkel ◽  
Aldert Vrij
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Working Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Victim Reporting ◽  
Reporting Decisions ◽  
Normative Expectations

Sexual victimizations are generally under-reported to the police. Persuasive communication campaigns are suggested as a feasible instrument to stimulate victim-reporting. Determinants of reporting decisions are reviewed. This review results in a working model to design and evaluate such persuasion campaigns. In the experiment the social psychological impact of a specially designed persuasive programme is explored. Results suggest that this programme is successful in changing the perceived likelihood of positive outcomes associated with reporting, and in strengthening the perceived normative expectations to report, held by others in the potential victim's environment. Some suggestions for countering possible side-effects are discussed.

Self, Self-Presentation, and the Use of Social Applications in Digital Environments

2013 ◽  
pp. 439-455
Author(s):  
José Carlos Ribeiro ◽  
Tarcízio Silva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Social Information ◽  
The Self ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Digital Environments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Social Applications

This chapter discusses the use of social applications in the process of the constitution of the self and the production of the self-presentation in digital environments. It examines two modalities: (1) the use of social applications that promote the comparative analysis of actions, speeches, and performance repercussions taken place in the digital environment, and (2) the use of applications and systems that enable the retrieval of the users’ social information in a systematic, sequential, and historical perspective. It also discusses how these applications present users with different methods of monitoring, controlling, visualizing, and planning information that is published not only by individuals themselves but also by the interacting individuals in the social digital environment.

Explaining the Paradox of Neophobic Explorers: The Social Information Hypothesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia I. F. Forss ◽  
Sonja E. Koski ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Social Information ◽  
Information Hypothesis ◽  
The Social

scholarly journals Metamorphization of society: The factor of ‘side effects’ and globalization of nothing

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211
Author(s):  
S. A. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Linear Dynamic ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Living Nature

Today physical, biological and social worlds develop increasingly quicker and in a more complex way that includes the phenomena of metamorphoses. Traditionally, they were considered as determined mainly by external factors, i.e. the forces of nature. Contemporary metamorphoses seem to become of a complex man-made nature. Compared to traditional metamorphoses with rigid and predictable results, contemporary metamorphoses of societies can produce both negative and positive consequences, which proves the non-linear dynamic picture of the world. There is also a traumatic tendency - when something is metamorphosed into nothing. Due to digitalization, nothing becomes more complex and pure from cultural and humane characteristics, thus, revealing new expressions of the death of the social: humans are metamorphosed into digital beings. Metamorphization of society can produce common goods as a side effect of the bad. The author argues that the formal-rational, pragmatic transformations of society and nature, like the scientific and technological innovations of mercantile type, deform and dehumanize life-worlds. The global traumatization in the form of liquid catastrophes permanently changes the living and non-living nature, structure of soil, water and air, desocializes human relations, facilitates transformations of something into nothing, people into non-people, places into non-places, things into non-things. However, people as reflexive actors can turn metamorphoses into things-for-man. To start this process, it is necessary to change the pragmatic monodisciplinary principles of science by the interdisciplinarity ones to ensure a humanistic turn in science and technologies.

Time trade-offs in advanced ovarian cancer.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (26_suppl) ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Lari B. Wenzel ◽  
Dana B Mukamel ◽  
David E. Cohn ◽  
Laura Havrilesky ◽  
Alexi A. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Advanced Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Trade Offs

20 Background: Most women with advanced ovarian cancer develop recurrence and die within five years of diagnosis. This creates a clinical imperative to discuss tradeoffs between the risks and benefits of treatment options. The purpose of this study is to examine the experience of ovarian cancer patients presented with a decision aid leading them through a time-tradeoff (TTO) exercise to guide choice of therapy. Methods: Newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer patients (N = 64) participated in a study evaluating the effectiveness and usefulness of a Patient-Centered Outcome Aid (PCOA). This i-Pad based interactive aid included an exercise during which patients evaluated personal tradeoffs between longer survival and adverse events associated with chemotherapy, in consultation with providers. Patients were educated about potential side effects, asked to rank their concerns about each side effect, and then asked: “Now that you have thought about and ranked the side effects, we ask you to think about the worst side effect for you as it relates to survival in good health. Would you be willing to go through 6 months of your worst side effect, if it gave you 5 years of good health?” There was a forced choice (Yes vs. No); then the tradeoff question was repeated with decreasing survival times: i.e. 3 years, 1 year, and 9, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 months. Results: Of the 61 patients who responded to the TTO question, 52% required 1 or more years of good health to endure 6 months of their worst side effect. Among the non-neoadjuvant patients (N = 50), 18% indicated they would trade 6 months of the worst side effect for 1-2 months of additional life in good health, however 56% would require 9 months or more. While 95% of patients found it easy to rank order concerns about side effects, 75% considered the TTO question difficult to answer. Conclusions: Decisions aids which incorporate tradeoffs must be designed with sensitivity to differential health literacy levels, and the extremely personal nature of this decision.

The Social Psychology of Self-Presentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
Donelson R. Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Social

Cutaneous ulcers following hydroxyurea therapy

Phlebologie ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (06) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hartmann ◽  
S. Nagel ◽  
T. Erichsen ◽  
E. Rabe ◽  
K. H. Grips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Myeloproliferative Diseases ◽  
Dermatological Side Effects ◽  
Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases ◽  
Hydroxyurea Therapy

SummaryHydroxyurea (HU) is usually a well tolerated antineoplastic agent and is commonly used in the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. Dermatological side effects are frequently seen in patients receiving longterm HU therapy. Cutaneous ulcers have been reported occasionally.We report on four patients with cutaneous ulcers whilst on long-term hydroxyurea therapy for myeloproliferative diseases. In all patients we were able to reduce the dose, or stop HU altogether and their ulcers markedly improved. Our observations suggest that cutaneous ulcers should be considered as possible side effect of long-term HU therapy and healing of the ulcers can be achieved not only by cessation of the HU treatment, but also by reducing the dose of hydroxyurea for a limited time.

Energy Markets and Trading

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mares
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Adjustment Costs ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Impact Risk

This chapter discusses the role of energy in economic development, the transformation of energy markets, trade in energy resources themselves, and the geopolitical dynamics that result. The transformation of energy markets and their expansion via trade can help or hinder development, depending on the processes behind them and how stakeholders interact. The availability of renewable, climate-friendly sources of energy, domestically and internationally, means that there is no inherent trade-off between economic growth and the use of fossil fuels. The existence of economic, political, social, and geopolitical adjustment costs means that the expansion of international energy markets to incorporate alternatives to oil and coal is a complex balance of environmental trade-offs with no solutions completely free of negative impact risk. An understanding of the supply of and demand for energy must incorporate the institutional context within which they occur, as well as the social and political dynamics of their setting.

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