scholarly journals Correlation of Nogo A release with glia scar formation in spinal cord injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e25410615688
Author(s):  
Juliana Casanovas de Carvalho ◽  
César Augusto Abreu-Pereira ◽  
Lucas Cauê da Silva Assunção ◽  
Rosana Costa Casanovas ◽  
Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Axonal Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Epidural Compression

Several axonal growth inhibitors have already been identified following spinal cord injury, the most known being myelin-derived proteins, such as Nogo-A. The present study aimed to correlate the formation of glial scar with the beginning of growth inhibitor, Nogo-A, release in rats previously submitted to compressive spinal cord injury. For this, 12 male and female Wistar rats (250 ± 50g) were divided into 3 groups of 4 animals each, according to the animals' euthanasia time after spinal cord injury (G3 - three days; G5 - five days; G7 - seven days). Spinal cord injuries were induced by means of dorsal laminectomy of the T10 vertebra and epidural compression. Histopathological evaluation and immunoreactivity of the Nogo-A axonal growth inhibitor were performed. It was observed that there was the release of the axonal inhibitor Nogo-A after 24h after the occurrence of spinal cord injury, and that the glial scar must be maintained, in this time interval, in order to guarantee the rebalancing of the post-trauma environment. Thus, it is suggested that the glial scar should be maintained in the acute phase of the lesion, guaranteeing its numerous benefits for the rebalancing of the post-injured environment and, after 24 hours, when the release of the studied axonal growth inhibitor begins, it should be removed.

scholarly journals Exosome-Mediated siRNA pool Inhibits Axonal Growth Inhibitor in Cortical Neurons of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Liao ◽  
Jiang-Hua Ming ◽  
Ge-Liang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Axonal Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Primary Cortical Neurons ◽  
Cord Injury

Abstract Background: As exosomes have been confirmed as a reservoir of siRNAs involved in certain diseases, the current study aims to investigate whether exosomal-siRNA could exert a protective role in spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods and Results: Exosomes in our experiment were isolated from lysosomal membrane-associated protein 2b (Lamp2b) overexpression HEK 293T cells, and purity of exosomes was characterized by the expression of CD9, CD47, and CD63 via western blot. Furthermore, the siRNA pool contains four siRNAs including siRNA-NgR, siRNA-LINGO-1, siRNA-Troy, and siRNA-PTEN was loaded to the exosomes, which indicated a significant role for the siRNA pool in reducing the expression of axon growth inhibitory factors. Upon the completion of loading into exosomes (exo-siRNA pool), the exo-siRNA pool was injected into primary cortical neurons of the SCI model in rats before cell proliferation and Rho expression were determined With the results revealed that purified addition could be applied to future experiments. The exo-siRNA pooled transfection caused downregulation of axon growth suppressors in primary cortical neurons including Nogo receptors (NgR), leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 1 (LINGO-1), Troy, and phosphatase and tenson homolog (PTEN). Cell proliferation and Rho expression of primary cortical neurons inhibited the expression of axonal growth inhibitors in rats with SCI by transfecting exogenous Sirna. Conclusion: This study confirmed that exosomes derived from Lamp2b overexpression HEK 293T cells facilitated both the recovery of functions and the survival of neurons when being loaded with the siRNA pool.

scholarly journals Rat Spinal Cord Injury Experimental Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Šulla ◽  
V. Balik ◽  
J. Petrovičová ◽  
V. Almášiová ◽  
K. Holovská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Trauma Model

Abstract Spinal cord injuries (SCI) with their tragic consequences belong to the most serious pathological conditions. That is why they have stimulated basic research workers, as well as health care practitioners, to search for an effective treatment for decades. Animal experimental models have been essential in these efforts. We have jointly decided to test and standardize one of the spinal cord injury compression models in rats. Twentythree adult female Wistar rats weighing 250-320 g were utilized. Employing general anaesthesia along with a mixture of sevoflurane with O2, 2 rats (sham controls) had their vertebral arch of either Th8 or Th9 vertebra removed (laminectomy). The other 21 experimental rats with similar laminectomies were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 7) which received compression impact forces of 30, 40 or 50 g (subgroups-1, -2, and -3, respectively) applied on their exposed spinal medulla for 15 minutes. All rats were observed for 28 days after the experimental procedure and their motor functions were assessed by the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) test 6 hours, 7, 21 and 28 days after the simulated SCI. All 23 rats survived the surgical procedures. The control rats were without any neurological deficits. There were, in every experimental subgroup, 1 or 2 rats with extreme BBB scores. So the rats with the maximum and minimum BBB values were excluded. Then, the results acquired in the residual 5 rats in each group were averaged and statistically analysed by the Tukey multiple comparisons test. Statistically significant intersubgroup differences were found at all survival times equal to or longer than 7 post SCI days. The goal of the SCI experiment was to generate a reproducible and reliable, submaximal spinal cord trauma model. The statistical analyses demonstrated that this objective was best achieved in the subgroup-2 with the 40 g compression.

scholarly journals Exoskeletons, Rehabilitation and Bodily Capacities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357034X2110256
Author(s):  
Denisa Butnaru
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Neurological Conditions

Motility impairments resulting from spinal cord injuries and cerebrovascular accidents are increasingly prevalent in society, leading to the growing development of rehabilitative robotic technologies, among them exoskeletons. This article outlines how bodies with neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury and stroke engage in processes of re-appropriation while using exoskeletons and some of the challenges they face. The main task of exoskeletons in rehabilitative environments is either to rehabilitate or ameliorate anatomic functions of impaired bodies. In these complex processes, they also play a crucial role in recasting specific corporeal phenomenologies. For the accomplishment of these forms of corporeal re-appropriation, the role of experts is crucial. This article explores how categories such as bodily resistance, techno-inter-corporeal co-production of bodies and machines, as well as body work mark the landscape of these contemporary forms of impaired corporeality. While defending corporeal extension rather than incorporation, I argue against the figure of the ‘cyborg’ and posit the idea of ‘residual subjectivity’.

scholarly journals A Collagen-Based Scaffold for Promoting Neural Plasticity in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2245
Author(s):  
Jue-Zong Yeh ◽  
Ding-Han Wang ◽  
Juin-Hong Cherng ◽  
Yi-Wen Wang ◽  
Gang-Yi Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Collagen Scaffold ◽  
Glial Scar ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cord Injury

In spinal cord injury (SCI) therapy, glial scarring formed by activated astrocytes is a primary problem that needs to be solved to enhance axonal regeneration. In this study, we developed and used a collagen scaffold for glial scar replacement to create an appropriate environment in an SCI rat model and determined whether neural plasticity can be manipulated using this approach. We used four experimental groups, as follows: SCI-collagen scaffold, SCI control, normal spinal cord-collagen scaffold, and normal control. The collagen scaffold showed excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility. Immunofluorescence staining revealed increased expression of neurofilament and fibronectin and reduced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-chondroitin sulfate in the collagen scaffold-treated SCI rats at 1 and 4 weeks post-implantation compared with that in untreated SCI control. This indicates that the collagen scaffold implantation promoted neuronal survival and axonal growth within the injured site and prevented glial scar formation by controlling astrocyte production for their normal functioning. Our study highlights the feasibility of using the collagen scaffold in SCI repair. The collagen scaffold was found to exert beneficial effects on neuronal activity and may help in manipulating synaptic plasticity, implying its great potential for clinical application in SCI.

Therapeutic trial of hypercarbia and hypocarbia in acute experimental spinal cord injury

1984 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 925-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. J. Ford ◽  
David N. Malm
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Therapeutic Trial ◽  
Tissue Preservation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Experimental Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Hypocarbia, normocarbia, or hypercarbia was maintained for an 8-hour period beginning 30 minutes after acute threshold spinal cord injuries in cats. No statistically significant differences in neurological recovery or histologically assessed tissue preservation were found among the three groups of animals 6 weeks after injury. No animal recovered the ability to walk. It is concluded that maintenance of hypercarbia or hypocarbia during the early postinjury period is no more therapeutic than maintenance of normocarbia. Mortality rates and tissue preservation data suggest, however, that postinjury hypocarbia may be less damaging than hypercarbia.

scholarly journals The Effect of Intraspinal Micro Stimulation With Variable Stimulating Pattern in Adult Rat With Induction of Spinal Cord Injury in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Mohaddeseh Hedayatzadeh ◽  
Hamid Reza Kobravi ◽  
Maryam Tehranipour
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Gait Dynamics ◽  
Variable Pattern ◽  
Cord Injury

Background: Spinal cord injury is one of the diseases that, no specific treatment has yet found despite the variety of works that have done in this field. Different approaches to treat such injuries have investigated today. One of them is invasive intra-spinal interventions such as electrical stimulation. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the protocol for intra-spinal variable and fixed electrical stimulation has been investigated in order to recover from spinal cord injury. Methods: In the study, 18 Wistar male rats randomly divided into Three groups, including intraspinal electrical stimulation (IES), IES with variable pattern of stimulation (VP IES) and a sham group. Animals initially subjected to induced spinal cord injury. After one week, the animal movement was recorded on the treadmill during practice using a camera and angles of the ankle joint were measured using the Tracker software. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by nonlinear evaluations in the phase space. Results: The motion analyses and kinematic analyses were carried out on all groups. According to the achieved results, the gait dynamics of the VP IES group has the most conformity to the gait dynamics of the healthy group. Also, the best quality of the balance preservation observed in the VP IES group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the IES with variable pattern of stimulation along with exercise therapy has significant gait restorative effects and increases the range of motion in rats with induced spinal cord injury.

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