scholarly journals Players in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Female Reproduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zou ◽  
Dongmei Ji ◽  
Zhiguo Zhang ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Yunxia Cao
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Mitochondrial Quality Control ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamic ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Physiological Processes

Mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion) are essential physiological processes for mitochondrial metabolic function, mitochondrial redistribution, and mitochondrial quality control. Various proteins are involved in regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Aberrant expression of these proteins interferes with mitochondrial dynamics and induces a range of diseases. Multiple therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat the related diseases in recent years, but their curative effects are limited. Meanwhile, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in female reproductive function has attracted progressively more attention, including oocyte development and maturation, fertilization, and embryonic development. Here, we reviewed the significance of mitochondrial dynamics, proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, and disorders resulting from primary mitochondrial dynamic dysfunction. We summarized the latest therapeutic approaches of hereditary mitochondrial fusion–fission abnormalities and reviewed the recent advances in female reproductive mitochondrial dynamics.

scholarly journals Role of leptin in female reproduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pérez-Pérez ◽  
Flora Sánchez-Jiménez ◽  
Julieta Maymó ◽  
José L. Dueñas ◽  
Cecilia Varone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
The Brain

AbstractReproductive function is dependent on energy resources. The role of weight, body composition, fat distribution and the effect of diet have been largely investigated in experimental female animals as well as in women. Any alteration in diet and/or weight may induce abnormalities in timing of sexual maturation and fertility. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in the fine coordination of energy balance and reproduction are largely unknown. The brain and hypothalamic structures receive endocrine and/or metabolic signals providing information on the nutritional status and the degree of fat stores. Adipose tissue acts both as a store of energy and as an active endocrine organ, secreting a large number of biologically important molecules termed adipokines. Adipokines have been shown to be involved in regulation of the reproductive functions. The first adipokine described was leptin. Extensive research over the last 10 years has shown that leptin is not only an adipose tissue-derived messenger of the amount of energy stores to the brain, but also a crucial hormone/cytokine for a number of diverse physiological processes, such as inflammation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, immune function, and most importantly, reproduction. Leptin plays an integral role in the normal physiology of the reproductive system with complex interactions at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. In addition, leptin is also produced by placenta, where it plays an important autocrine function. Observational studies have demonstrated that states of leptin excess, deficiency, or resistance can be associated with abnormal reproductive function. This review focuses on the leptin action in female reproduction.

scholarly journals T-2 Toxin-Induced Oxidative Stress Leads to Imbalance of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion to Activate Cellular Apoptosis in the Human Liver 7702 Cell Line

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhua Yang ◽  
Wenbo Guo ◽  
Jianhua Wang ◽  
Xianli Yang ◽  
Zhiqi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Mitochondrial Fusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamic ◽  
Normal Human Liver ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

T-2 toxin, as a highly toxic mycotoxin to humans and animals, induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in various cells and tissues. Apoptosis and mitochondrial fusion/fission are two tightly interconnected processes that are crucial for maintaining physiological homeostasis. However, the role of mitochondrial fusion/fission in apoptosis of T-2 toxin remains unknown. Hence, we aimed to explore the putative role of mitochondrial fusion/fission on T-2 toxin induced apoptosis in normal human liver (HL-7702) cells. T-2 toxin treatment (0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μg/L) for 24 h caused decreased cell viability and ATP concentration and increased production of (ROS), as seen by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) and increase in mitochondrial fragmentation. Subsequently, the mitochondrial dynamic imbalance was activated, evidenced by a dose-dependent decrease and increase in the protein expression of mitochondrial fusion (OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2) and fission (Drp1 and Fis1), respectively. Furthermore, the T-2 toxin promoted the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm and induced cell apoptosis triggered by upregulation of Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, and further activated the caspase pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that altered mitochondrial dynamics induced by oxidative stress with T-2 toxin exposure likely contribute to mitochondrial injury and HL-7702 cell apoptosis.

scholarly journals Fluorinated Mannosides Inhibit Cellular Fucosylation.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Pijnenborg ◽  
Emiel Rossing ◽  
Marek Noga ◽  
Willem Titulaer ◽  
Raisa Veizaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cell ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Mannose Derivatives ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Fucose sugars are expressed on mammalian cell membranes as part of glycoconjugates and mediates essential physiological processes. The aberrant expression of fucosylated glycans has been linked to pathologies such as cancer, inflammation, infection, and genetic disorders. Tools to modulate fucose expression on living cells are needed to elucidate the biological role of fucose sugars and the development of potential therapeutics. Herein, we report a novel class of fucosylation inhibitors directly targeting de novo GDP-fucose biosynthesis. We demonstrate that cell permeable fluorinated mannoside 1-phosphate derivatives (Fucotrim I & II) are metabolic prodrugs that are metabolized to their respective GDP-mannose derivatives and efficiently inhibit cellular fucosylation.

scholarly journals Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in PKR2 Trafficking and Signaling

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jissele A. Verdinez ◽  
Julien A. Sebag
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Receptor Trafficking ◽  
Membrane Localization ◽  
Accessory Protein ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Glycosylation Sites

Prokineticin receptors are GPCRs involved in several physiological processes including the regulation of energy homeostasis, nociception, and reproductive function. PKRs are inhibited by the endogenous accessory protein MRAP2 which prevents them from trafficking to the plasma membrane. Very little is known about the importance of post-translational modification of PKRs and their role in receptor trafficking and signaling. Here we identify 2 N-linked glycosylation sites within the N-terminal region of PKR2 and demonstrate that glycosylation of PKR2 at position 27 is important for its plasma membrane localization and signaling. Additionally, we show that glycosylation at position 7 results in a decrease in PKR2 signaling through Gαs without impairing Gαq/11 signaling.

Expression profile of MicroRNA: An Emerging Hallmark of Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzma Zaheer ◽  
Muhammed Faheem ◽  
Ishtiaq Qadri ◽  
Nargis Begum ◽  
Hadi M. Yassine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Prognostic Utility ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
The Stability

MicroRNA (miRNAs), a class of small, endogenous non-coding RNA molecules of about 21-24 nucleotides in length, have unraveled a new modulatory network of RNAs that form an additional level of posttranscriptional gene regulation by targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs). These miRNAs possess the ability to regulate gene expression by modulating the stability of mRNAs, controlling their translation rates, and consequently regulating protein synthesis. Substantial experimental evidence established the involvement of miRNAs in most biological processes like growth, differentiation, development, and metabolism in mammals including humans. An aberrant expression of miRNAs has been implicated in several pathologies, including cancer. The association of miRNAs with tumor growth, development, and metastasis depicts their potential as effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, exploitation of the role of different miRNAs as oncogenes or tumor suppressors has aided in designing several miRNA-based therapeutic approaches for treating cancer patients whose clinical trials are underway. In this review, we aim to summarize the biogenesis of miRNAs and the dysregulations in these pathways that result in various pathologies and in some cases, resistance to drug treatment. We provide a detailed review of the miRNA expression signatures in different cancers along with their diagnostic and prognostic utility. Furthermore, we elaborate on the potential employment of miRNAs to enhance cancer cell apoptosis, regress tumor progression and even overcome miRNA-induced drug resistance.

scholarly journals Serum/Plasma MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Yin ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Yong-Jing Ji ◽  
Li-Ping Tong ◽  
Ya Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Serum Mirnas ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Plasma Mirnas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small RNAs with a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. These RNAs have been shown to participate in various cellular and physiological processes, including cellular development, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Aberrant expression of several miRNAs was found to be involved in a large variety of neoplasms, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies have shown the existence of a large amount of stable miRNAs in human serum/plasma, which laid the foundation for studying the role of serum/plasma miRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Here, we review the recent progress in research on serum miRNAs as biomarkers for HCC in Chinese patients.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Lada Purvinsh ◽  
Andrey Gorshkov ◽  
Aleksandra Brodskaia ◽  
Andrey Vasin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Molecular Composition ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Infected Cells

Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.

scholarly journals Fluorinated rhamnosides inhibit cellular fucosylation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan F. A. Pijnenborg ◽  
Emiel Rossing ◽  
Jona Merx ◽  
Marek J. Noga ◽  
Willem H. C. Titulaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cell ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Mannose Derivatives ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

AbstractThe sugar fucose is expressed on mammalian cell membranes as part of glycoconjugates and mediates essential physiological processes. The aberrant expression of fucosylated glycans has been linked to pathologies such as cancer, inflammation, infection, and genetic disorders. Tools to modulate fucose expression on living cells are needed to elucidate the biological role of fucose sugars and the development of potential therapeutics. Herein, we report a class of fucosylation inhibitors directly targeting de novo GDP-fucose biosynthesis via competitive GMDS inhibition. We demonstrate that cell permeable fluorinated rhamnose 1-phosphate derivatives (Fucotrim I & II) are metabolic prodrugs that are metabolized to their respective GDP-mannose derivatives and efficiently inhibit cellular fucosylation.

scholarly journals Fluorinated Mannosides Inhibit Cellular Fucosylation.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Pijnenborg ◽  
Emiel Rossing ◽  
Marek Noga ◽  
Willem Titulaer ◽  
Raisa Veizaj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cell ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Mannose Derivatives ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

Fucose sugars are expressed on mammalian cell membranes as part of glycoconjugates and mediates essential physiological processes. The aberrant expression of fucosylated glycans has been linked to pathologies such as cancer, inflammation, infection, and genetic disorders. Tools to modulate fucose expression on living cells are needed to elucidate the biological role of fucose sugars and the development of potential therapeutics. Herein, we report a novel class of fucosylation inhibitors directly targeting de novo GDP-fucose biosynthesis. We demonstrate that cell permeable fluorinated mannoside 1-phosphate derivatives (Fucotrim I & II) are metabolic prodrugs that are metabolized to their respective GDP-mannose derivatives and efficiently inhibit cellular fucosylation.

scholarly journals Neuroanatomical Framework of the Metabolic Control of Reproduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 2349-2380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer W. Hill ◽  
Carol F. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
The Brain

A minimum amount of energy is required for basic physiological processes, such as protein biosynthesis, thermoregulation, locomotion, cardiovascular function, and digestion. However, for reproductive function and survival of the species, extra energy stores are necessary. Production of sex hormones and gametes, pubertal development, pregnancy, lactation, and parental care all require energy reserves. Thus the physiological systems that control energy homeostasis and reproductive function coevolved in mammals to support both individual health and species subsistence. In this review, we aim to gather scientific knowledge produced by laboratories around the world on the role of the brain in integrating metabolism and reproduction. We describe essential neuronal networks, highlighting key nodes and potential downstream targets. Novel animal models and genetic tools have produced substantial advances, but critical gaps remain. In times of soaring worldwide obesity and metabolic dysfunction, understanding the mechanisms by which metabolic stress alters reproductive physiology has become crucial for human health.

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