scholarly journals Basics of geostatistical analyses with GIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
José Rafael Marques da Silva ◽  
Manuela Correia
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Slide Presentation ◽  
Conventional Analysis ◽  
Variogram Models ◽  
Continuity Analysis

The goal of Geostatistic is to predict the spatial distribution of a property. In this topic we are going to study two types of Spatial Analysis: i) Conventional Analysis (Nongeostatistical); ii) Spatial Continuity Analysis (Geostatistical). We will also try to understand what are Experimental variograms (Nugget; Range and Sill), Variogram models (basic variogram functions) and Estimation (Kriging). The video includes an Exercise. The materials for this topic are a slide presentation, a video with an exercise resolution using geostatistics and two guidebooks.

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis (Measurements at Heights of 10 m and 20 m above Ground Level) of the Concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0) and Gaseous Pollutants (H2S) on the University Campus: A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Robert Cichowicz ◽  
Maciej Dobrzański
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
High Concentrations

Spatial analysis of the distribution of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas pollution was performed in the area around a university library building. The reasons for the subject matter were reports related to the perceptible odor characteristic of hydrogen sulfide and a general poor assessment of air quality by employees and students. Due to the area of analysis, it was decided to perform measurements at two heights, 10 m and 20 m above ground level, using measuring equipment attached to a DJI Matrice 600 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aim of the measurements was air quality assessment and investigate the convergence of the theory of air flow around the building with the spatial distribution of air pollutants. Considerable differences of up to 63% were observed in the concentrations of pollutants measured around the building, especially between opposite sides, depending on the direction of the wind. To explain these differences, the theory of aerodynamics was applied to visualize the probable airflow in the direction of the wind. A strong convergence was observed between the aerodynamic model and the spatial distribution of pollutants. This was evidenced by the high concentrations of dust in the areas of strong turbulence at the edges of the building and on the leeward side. The accumulation of pollutants was also clearly noticeable in these locations. A high concentration of H2S was recorded around the library building on the side of the car park. On the other hand, the air turbulence around the building dispersed the gas pollution, causing the concentration of H2S to drop on the leeward side. It was confirmed that in some analyzed areas the permissible concentration of H2S was exceeded.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Breast Cancer in Sudan 2010-2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Maweya Abdelbagi Elbasheer ◽  
Ayah Galal Abdelrahman Alkhidir ◽  
Siham Mohammed Awad Mohammed ◽  
Areej Abuelgasim Hassan Abbas ◽  
Aisha Osman Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Risk Areas

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide including Sudan. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of breast cancer in Sudan.Materials and methodsA facility based cross-sectional study was implemented in eighteen histopathology laboratories distributed in the three localities of Khartoum State on a sample of 4630 Breast Cancer cases diagnosed during the period 2010-2016. A master database was developed through Epi Info™ 7.1.5.2 for computerizing the data collected: the facility name, type (public or private), and its geo- location (latitude and longitude). Personal data on patients were extracted from their respective medical records (name, age, marital status, ethnic group, State, locality, administrative unit, permanent address and phone number, histopathology diagnosis). The data was summarized through SPSS to generate frequency tables for estimating prevalence and the geographical information system (ArcGIS 10.3) was used to generate the epidemiological distribution maps. ArcGIS 10.3 spatial analysis features were used to develop risk maps based on the kriging method.ResultsBreast cancer prevalence was 3.9 cases per 100,000 female populations. Of the 4423 cases of breast cancer, invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST) was the most frequent (79.5%, 3517/4423) histopathological diagnosis. The spatial analysis indicated as high risk areas for breast cancer in Sudan the States of Nile River, Northern, Red Sea, White Nile, Northern and Southern Kordofan.ConclusionsThe attempt to develop a predictive map of breast cancer in Sudan revealed three levels of risk areas (risk, intermediate and high risk areas); regardless the risk level, appropriate preventive and curative health interventions with full support from decision makers are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal analysis of rabies in cattle in central Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Bárcenas-Reyes ◽  
Diana Paulina Nieves-Martínez ◽  
José Quintín Cuador-Gil ◽  
Elizabeth Loza-Rubio ◽  
Sara González-Ruíz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Spatial Epidemiology ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Simple Kriging ◽  
Annual Minimum Temperature

Spatial epidemiology of bat-transmitted rabies in cattle has been limited to spatial distribution of cases, an approach that does not identify hidden patterns and the spread resulting in outbreaks in endemic and susceptible areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the three variables average annual maximum, annual minimum temperature and precipitation in the region on the one hand, and the spatial distribution of cases on the other, using geographic information systems and co-Kriging considering that these environmental variables condition the existence of the rabies vector Desmodus rotundus. A stationary behaviour between the primary and the secondary variables was verified by basic statistics and moving window statistics. The directions of greater and lesser spatial continuity were determined by experimental cross-semivariograms. It was found that the highest risk for bovine paralytic rabies occurs in areas known as La Huasteca Potosina and La Sierra Gorda that are characterized by a maximum temperature of 29.5 °C, a minimum temperature of 16.5 °C and precipitation of 1200 mm. A risk estimation map was obtained for the presence of rabies with a determination coefficient greater than 95%, and a correlation coefficient greater than 0.95. Our conclusion is that ordinary co- Kriging provides a better estimation of risk and spatial distribution of rabies than simple Kriging, making this the method recommended for risk estimation and regional distribution of rabies.

scholarly journals 3D Modeling of Discontinuity in the Spatial Distribution of Apartment Prices Using Voronoi Diagrams

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław Bełej ◽  
Marta Figurska
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
3D Modeling ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Voronoi Diagrams ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
Real Estate Prices

An immanent feature of the housing market is a large spatial dispersion of real estate prices along with their simultaneous high stratification. Application of classic methods of data interpolation results in an excessive simplification of the outcome because of a conversion of the dispersed data sets into areas of spatial continuity by reducing the above-average real estate prices. The main aim of the article was to search for spatial discontinuities of real estate prices’ distribution with 3D modeling using Voronoi diagrams as a method of irregular division of this space. Used methods of geospatial analyses with GIS tools enabled to identify clusters of high housing market activity and to avoid an excessive generalization of data resulting from the reduction of the above-average real estate prices. The research was conducted for over 7000 real estate transactions in years 2010–2017 in Olsztyn, the capital city of Warmia and Mazury in Poland, resulting in a 3D visualization of real estate prices for the chosen market, including the discontinuity in their spatial distribution.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and determinant factors of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: a multilevel and spatial analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e027276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelemu Tilahun Kibret ◽  
Catherine Chojenta ◽  
Ellie D’Arcy ◽  
Deborah Loxton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Determinant Factors ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
North Eastern

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the spatial distribution and determinant factors of anaemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia.MethodsAn in-depth analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data was undertaken. Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used to identify the hot and cold spot areas for anaemia among women of reproductive age. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictors of anaemia among women of reproductive age.ResultsOlder age (adjusted OR [AOR]=0.75; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96), no education (AOR=1.37; 95% CI 1.102 to 1.72), lowest wealth quantile (AOR=1.29; 95% CI 1.014 to 1.60), currently pregnant (AOR=1.28; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.51, currently breast feeding (AOR=1.09; 95% CI 1.025 to 1.28), high gravidity (AOR=1.39; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.69) and HIV positive (AOR=2.11; 95% CI 1.59 to 2.79) are individual factors associated with the occurrence of anaemia. Likewise, living in a rural area (AOR=1.29; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.63) and availability of unimproved latrine facilities (AOR=1.18; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.39) are community-level factors associated with higher odds of anaemia. The spatial analysis indicated that statistically high hotspots of anaemia were observed in the eastern (Somali, Dire Dawa and Harari regions) and north-eastern (Afar) parts of the country.ConclusionThe prevalence rate of anaemia among women of reproductive age varied across the country. Significant hotspots/high prevalence of anaemia was observed in the eastern and north-eastern parts of Ethiopia. Anaemia prevention strategies need to be targeted on rural residents, women with limited to no education, women who are breast feeding, areas with poor latrine facilities and women who are HIV positive.

scholarly journals Spaces of Islamophobia and spaces of inequality in Greater Paris

2020 ◽  
pp. 239965442094152
Author(s):  
Kawtar Najib
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Population Census

This paper draws upon quantitative data collected from one of the principal associations fighting Islamophobia in France along with the population census, and provides a step forward in understanding the operation and distribution of Islamophobia. It presents a geography of Islamophobia in Paris based on statistical data, and aims to observe whether or not this geography corresponds or contrasts with geographies of inequality (such as those associated with gentrification, deprivation and marginalisation), by analysing the various spatial patterns stemming from the maps. This socio-spatial analysis of anti-Muslim discrimination is important in Paris because since the terrorist attacks in 2015, anti-Muslim sentiment has increased sharply. The mapping of Islamophobia and its association with the spatial distribution of different socioeconomic and demographic variables synthetized in a typological map display significant forms, relations and diversities within Paris. This cartographic analysis demonstrates that the geography of Islamophobia does not necessarily refer to spaces where ‘Muslims’ and the victims of Islamophobia live in great majority, and rather refers to more privileged and central areas such as Paris intra-muros. Victims mostly experience anti-Muslim incidents outside their everyday spaces away from their homes, such as public institutions and workplaces. Indeed, the findings raise the significance of the exact place where incidents occur as well as societal attitudes to these ‘hierarchical’ places where the perpetrator probably feels more comfortable in behaving in an antisocial and sometimes violent way.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution multimedia fate model: Numerical aspects and ability for spatial analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 2279-2290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Ho Kim ◽  
Byoung Kyu Kwak ◽  
Chee Burm Shin ◽  
Won Jin Jeon ◽  
Hyeon-Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Fate Model

scholarly journals Outbreak of autochthonous cases of malaria in coastal regions of Northeast Brazil: the diversity and spatial distribution of species of Anopheles

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elainne Christine de Souza Gomes ◽  
Derciliano Lopes da Cruz ◽  
Maria Alice Varjal Melo Santos ◽  
Renata Maria Costa Souza ◽  
Cláudia Maria Fontes de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
Bg Sentinel ◽  
Epidemiology Investigation ◽  
Amazonian Region

Abstract Background Brazil has the fourth highest prevalence of malaria of all countries in the Americas, with an estimated 42 million people at risk of contracting this disease. Although most cases occur in the Amazon region, cases of an autochthonous nature have also been registered in the extra-Amazonian region where Anopheles aquasalis and An. albitarsis are the mosquito species of greatest epidemiological interest. In 2019, the municipality of Conde (state of Paraíba) experienced an epidemic of autochthonous cases of malaria. Here we present preliminary results of an entomological and case epidemiology investigation, in an attempt to correlate the diversity and spatial distribution of species of Anopheles with the autochthonous cases of this outbreak of malaria. Methods Case data were collected using case report forms made available by the Conde Municipal Health Department. The entomological survey was carried out from July to November 2019. The various methods of capture included the use of battery-powered aspirators, mouth aspirators, Shannon traps, BG-Sentinel traps (with and without dry ice) and CDC light traps. Captured mosquitoes were separated, packaged and sent to the laboratory for sexing and molecular identification of the various species of anophelines. The data were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Spatial analysis of the data was performed using ArcGis 10 software. Results In 2019, 20 autochthonous cases and one imported case of malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax were diagnosed, with three cases of relapses. A total of 3713 mosquitoes were collected, of which 3390 were culicines and 323 were anophelines. Nine species of genus Anopheles were identified, with the most abundant being An. aquasalis (38.9%), followed by An. minor (18.2%) and An. albitarsis (9.0%). Spatial analysis of the data showed that the area could be considered to be at risk of malaria cases and that there was a high prevalence of Anopheles. Conclusions The results presented indicate that this extra-Amazonian region has an environment conducive to maintenance of the malaria transmission cycle owing to the wide diversity of Anopheles species. This environment in combination with the high influx of people from endemic areas to the study area provides a perfect setting for the occurrence and maintenance of malaria.

Analysis of Tugboat Activities using AIS Data for the Tianjin Port

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-509
Author(s):  
Shukai Chen ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Xiaoyang Wei ◽  
Zhijia Tan ◽  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Service Time ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Shed Light

The tugboat is the vessel that helps to maneuver large ships for berthing and un-berthing operations. To achieve efficient tugboat operations, investigating the features of tugboat activities is of crucial importance. This study aims to use automatic identification system (AIS) data to identify the maneuver services and analyze the characteristics of tugboat activities. A two-stage algorithm is developed to extract the time, locations, and involved tugboats for berthing and un-berthing operations from AIS data. The AIS data from Tianjin port, China, are used in the case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and analyze the pattern of tugboat activities. First, some important features of tugboat jobs are presented, such as the daily number of jobs and the spatial distribution of jobs. Then, a temporal and spatial analysis is conducted to investigate tugboat assignment, service time, tugboat utilization, and locations of berthing and un-berthing operations. The obtained results and implications could shed light on the deployment of tugboat berths, tugboat scheduling, and evaluation of tugboat fleet operation.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and determinant factors of Female Genital Mutilation among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, 2016; Based on Ethiopian National Demographic and Health Survey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atalay Goshu Muluneh ◽  
Getahun Molla Kassa ◽  
Mehari Mariam Merid
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Female Genital Mutilation ◽  
Data Cleaning ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
P Value ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Variable Analysis

Abstract Background : Though condemned and considered as a crime by the countries government, Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) remains a common public health problem in Africa and Ethiopia as well. Thus, this study was aimed to assess the spatial distribution and associated factors of female genital mutilation in Ethiopia based on the Ethiopian demographic and Health survey 2016 data. Method: This is a secondary data analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 data based on 7,163 women who were included for FGM interview. The data was weighted using sampling weight as recommended by the program. The MS excel and ArcGIS 10.3 softwares were used for data cleaning and spatial analysis respectively. Global and local level clustering was assessed. For the none spatial data and the determinant factors, data cleaning and analysis was done using STATA 14. Multi-level mixed effect logistic regression model was fitted. Variables with P-value <0.25 in the bi-variable analysis were fitted in the multi-variable analysis. Finally, variables with p-value <0.05 with 95% CI of adjusted odds ratio were reported as a statistically significant determinants of FGM. Result : Female genital mutilation was spatially clustered (Global Moran’s I: 0.46, p<0.001). Significant hot spot clusters were found in Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples (SNNP) regions. Mothers age >30 (AOR=2.41, 95% CI: 1.78,3.26) years, never in union (AOR=0.31, 95%CI: 0.22, 0.44), currently not working (AOR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.55, 0.92), women who considered FGM to be continued (AOR=2.86, 95%CI: 1.75, 4.68), not heard of FGM (AOR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.08,0.62), had no formal education (AOR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.71), muslim (AOR=3.90, 95%CI:2.5, 6.09) and protestant (AOR=1.76, 95%CI: 1.25, 2.97), and those who thought of FGM as required by religion (AOR=1.99, 95%CI: 1.31,2.99) were found to be significant determinants of female genital mutilation. Conclusion: Female genital mutilation was spatially clustered with hotspot areas located. in Amhara, Oromia, and SNNP regions . Age of the mother, religion, occupation, educational level, marital status, information about Female genital mutilation, and intention about FGM to be stopped or continued were significant determinants of female genital mutilation Key words : Female Genital Mutilations, Spatial analysis

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