A Review on Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis and Antibiotic Residual Effects in Raw Milk and Its Human Health Significance

Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern in the dairy industry. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genome sequencing of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical (n = 350) and subclinical (n = 95) bovine mastitis, and raw unpasteurized milk (n = 125). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae (100% each), Escherichia coli (87.78%), and Proteus mirabilis (69.7%) were the most prevalent multidrug-resistant (MDR) species. Extensive drug-resistance (XDR) phenotype was found in P. mirabilis (30.30%) and E. coli (3.33%) isolates. Ten isolates (four E. coli, three Klebsiella species and three P. mirabilis) that displayed the highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices (0.54–0.83), were exposed to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Two multilocus sequence types (MLST): ST2165 and ST7624 were identified among the sequenced E. coli isolates. Three E. coli isolates (two from clinical mastitis and one from raw milk) belonging to ST2165 showed similar profile of plasmid replicon types: IncFIA, IncFIB, IncFII, and IncQ1 with an exception to an isolate that contained IncR, whereas E. coli ST7624 showed a different plasmid profile including IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncI1α, and IncFII replicon types. ResFinder findings revealed the presence of plasmid-mediated colistin mcr-10 and fosfomycin fosA5 resistance genes in a K. pneumoniae (K1) isolate from bovine milk. Sequence analysis of the reconstructed mcr-10 plasmid from WGS of K1 isolate, showed that mcr-10 gene was bracketed by xerC and insertion sequence IS26 on an IncFIB plasmid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that K1 isolate existed in a clade including mcr-10-harboring isolates from human and environment with different STs and countries [United Kingdom (ST788), Australia (ST323), Malawi (ST2144), Myanmar (ST705), and Laos (ST2355)]. This study reports the first emergence of K. pneumoniae co-harboring mcr-10 and fosA5 genes from bovine milk in the Middle East, which constitutes a public health threat and heralds the penetration of the last-resort antibiotics. Hence, prudent use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and antimicrobial surveillance plans are urgently required.

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Detection, integration and persistence of aeromonads in water distribution pipe biofilms

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2004.0008 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 83-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A.-M. Bomo ◽

M. V. Storey ◽

N. J. Ashbolt

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water System ◽

Water Systems ◽

Biofilm Reactor ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Decay Kinetics ◽

Aeromonas Caviae ◽

Health Significance

The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. within biofilms formed on stainless steel (SS), unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) and glass (GL) substrata was investigated in modified Robbins Devices (MRD) in potable (MRD-p) and recycled (MRD-r) water systems, a Biofilm Reactor™ (BR) and a laboratory-scale pipe loop (PL) receiving simulated recycled wastewater. No aeromonads were isolated from the MRD-p whereas 3–10% of SS and uPVC coupons (mean 3.85 CFU cm−2 and 12.8 CFU cm−2, respectively) were aeromonad-positive in the MRD-r. Aeromonads were isolated from six SS coupons (67%) (mean 63.4 CFU cm−2) and nine uPVC coupons (100%) (mean 6.50×102 CFU cm−2) in the BR™ fed with recycled water and from all coupons (100%) in the simulated recycled water system (PL). Mean numbers of aeromonads on GL and SS coupons were 5.83×102 CFU cm−2 and 8.73×102 CFU cm−2, respectively. No isolate was of known human health significance (i.e. Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophila or A. veronii), though they were confirmed as Aeromonas spp. by PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Challenging the PL biofilms with a slug dose of A. hydrophila (ATCC 14715) showed that biofilm in the PL accumulated in the order of 103–104A. hydrophila cm−2, the number of which decreased over time, though could not be explained in terms of conventional 1st order decay kinetics. A sub-population of FISH-positive A. hydrophila became established within the biofilm, thereby demonstrating their ability to incorporate and persist in biofilms formed within distribution pipe systems. A similar observation was not made for culturable aeromonads, though the exact human health significance of this remains unknown. These findings, however, further question the adequacy of culture-based techniques and their often anomalous discrepancy with direct techniques for the enumeration of bacterial pathogens in environmental samples.

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Efficacy of Bacteriophages Against Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Bovine Mastitis

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph13030035 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Isabel Titze ◽

Tatiana Lehnherr ◽

Hansjörg Lehnherr ◽

Volker Krömker

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Host Range ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Plaque Assay ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Pasteurized Milk

The lytic efficacy of bacteriophages against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine milk was investigated in vitro, regarding possible applications in the therapy of udder inflammation caused by bacterial infections (mastitis). The host range of sequenced, lytic bacteriophages was determined against a collection of 92 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus isolates. The isolates originated from quarter foremilk samples of clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. A spot test and a subsequent plaque assay were used to determine the phage host range. According to their host range, propagation and storage properties, three phages, STA1.ST29, EB1.ST11, and EB1.ST27, were selected for preparing a bacteriophage mixture (1:1:1), which was examined for its lytic activity against S. aureus in pasteurized and raw milk. It was found that almost two thirds of the isolates could be lysed by at least one of the tested phages. The bacteriophage mixture was able to reduce the S. aureus germ density in pasteurized milk and its reduction ability was maintained in raw milk, with only a moderate decrease compared to the results in pasteurized milk. The significant reduction ability of the phage mixture in raw milk promotes further in vivo investigation.

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Analytical Methodology and the Interface with Animal Drug Approval

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/61.5.1183 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 1183-1191

Author(s):

Maryln K Perez

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Human Health ◽

Safety Data ◽

Drug Approval ◽

Analytical Methodology ◽

Health Significance ◽

A Priority

Abstract FDA is engaged in a systematic review of approved animal drugs to determine whether upgrading of safety data is required to provide continuing assurance that the approved uses for these drugs are safe. These reviews will be undertaken on the basis of a priority of anticipated human health significance.

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Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence and Enterotoxins-Determinant Genes of MRSA Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis in Egypt

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9050362 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 362 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abdelazeem M. Algammal ◽

Mohamed E. Enany ◽

Reham M. El-Tarabili ◽

Madeha O. I. Ghobashy ◽

Yosra A. Helmy

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Health Significance ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Spa Gene

Subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus has worldwide public health significance. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and the virulence and enterotoxins determinant genes of MRSA strains that caused subclinical bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from 120 lactating animals (50 buffaloes and 70 dairy cattle) from different farms located in Ismailia Province (Egypt). The collected samples were investigated for subclinical mastitis using a California mastitis test. The total prevalence of S. aureus was 35.9% (84/234) with 36.3% (53/146) in cattle and 31% (31/88) in buffaloes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 35.7% (30/84) of the isolated strains were resistant to cefoxitin, defined as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), with 37.7% (20/53) in cattle and 32.2% (10/31) in buffaloes. Using PCR, 100% of the tested strains harbored coa and mecA genes, while 86.6% were positive for spa gene, with remarkable gene size polymorphism. Additionally, 10% of the tested strains contained the pvl gene. Further, using multiplex PCR, 26.6% of the tested samples had sea gene, two strains had sec gene and only one strain had sea and sec genes. The seb and sed genes were absent in the tested strains. In conclusion, mecA, coa and spa virulence genes were widely distributed in MRSA strains isolated from bovine milk, whereas the sea gene was the most predominant enterotoxin gene. Notably, this is the first report that emphasizes the prevalence of pvl gene of MRSA isolated from bovine milk in Egypt.

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Monitoring of psychrotrophic microorganisms in raw milk

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun200856040021 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 21-28

Author(s):

Radka Burdychová ◽

Petra Hoferková

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Lipolytic Enzymes ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Milk Products ◽

Milk Samples

The group of psychrotrophic microorganisms belongs to the microorganisms representing a risk for human health as well as a risk of milk and milk products spoilage. Some genus are considered to be significant producers of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. In this work, we analysed raw milk samples (n = 109) originated from 26 different suppliers from the area of North and Middle Moravia. The screening was performed from March 2007 to February 2008. The total bacterial counts (TBC) ranged between 3.2 × 103 to 8.3 × 106 CFU/ml. The psychrotrophic bacterial counts (PBC) ranged between 1.0 × 103 to 8.2 × 106 CFU/ml. Total of 48.62 % and 48.62 % of samples exceeded the hygienic limit in raw milk for TBC and PBC, respectively. The correlation between TBC and PBC was highly significant (r = 0.87).Significantly higher (P < 0.05) numbers of psychrotrophic microorganisms were detected in summer months. The identification of isolates was carried out and all strains were sreened for ability to produce proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. The most commonly identified genus in raw milk was of the genus Pseudomonas. The ability to produce proteases or lipases was found at 76 % identified bacterial strains.

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Characterization of Lactic Bacteria Isolated from Raw Milk and Their Antibacterial Activity against Bacteria as the Cause of Clinical Bovine Mastitis

Journal of Food Quality ◽

10.1155/2021/6466645 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Nada K. Alharbi ◽

Albandary Nasser Alsaloom

Keyword(s):

Bovine Mastitis ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Technological Properties ◽

23S Rrna Gene ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

The objectives of this study were the selection of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw milk and studying their technological properties and antibacterial activities against bacteria as the cause of cattle mastitis. Biochemical and molecular identification using 16S–23S rRNA gene spacer analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing highlighted the presence of three species: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, and Levilactobacillus brevis. The enzymatic characterization followed by the determination of technofunctional properties showed that LAB strains did not exhibit any hemolytic effect and were able to produce protease and lipase enzymes. Isolates showed very high antagonistic activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by producing H2O2, bacteriocin(s), and organic acid(s). APIZYM micromethod demonstrated that all selected strains are capable of producing valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and ᾳ-mannosidase. The antibiotic susceptibility assay showed that all selected strains were sensible to the majority of tested antibiotics. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the technological properties of the selected LAB allow considering their industrial use in order to formulate bioactive functional foods or drug(s).

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Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in raw milk of buffalo feeding at wastewater-irrigated agricultural farms in Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-020-09256-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (23) ◽

pp. 29567-29579 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zafar Iqbal ◽

Farhat Abbas ◽

Muhammad Ibrahim ◽

Tahir Imran Qureshi ◽

Matin Gul ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risk Assessment ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Human Health Risk Assessment

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Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and cheese produced in Mexico: a review

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2020.2668 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

C. Jiménez-Pérez ◽

S. Alatorre-Santamaría ◽

S. R. Tello-Solís ◽

L. Gómez-Ruiz ◽

G. Rodríguez-Serrano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Human Health ◽

Mexico City ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Aflatoxin M1 ◽

Limit Set ◽

Food Regulation ◽

The Past ◽

Human Food Chain ◽

Contaminated Fodder

Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.

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Listeria monocytogenes in bovine mastitis. Possible implication for human health

International Journal of Food Microbiology ◽

10.1016/0168-1605(96)01105-1 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 32 (1-2) ◽

pp. 209-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Niels Einar Jensen ◽

Frank Møller Aarestrup ◽

Johannes Jensen ◽

Henrik Caspar Wegener

Keyword(s):

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Human Health ◽

Bovine Mastitis

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