Periodization of Antiquity’s History in Studies of I. M. Grevs and N. I. Kareev in Late XIX — Early XX Centuries

The periodization of history and the definition of the framework of Antiquity and the Middle Ages were questions open for scientific discussion at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when the Russian school of ancient and medieval studies was actively developing in Russia and especially in St. Petersburg. The concept of I. M. Grevs was that the Roman Empire marked the beginning of Late Antiquity with its special economic structure in the form of large land ownership, but this period ended with the onset of the era of barbarian kingdoms. I. M. Grevs separated the Roman Empire from the period of classical Antiquity and at the same time showed its difference from the way of the early Middle Ages. In his courses on general history, read after I. M. Grevs, N. I. Kareev described the ancient universal monarchies, which sought to extend their power to the limits of the ecumene and unite the various traditions of organizing power. It should be concluded that N. I. Kareev supplemented the periodization proposed by I. M. Grevs, finding in the Ancient world the same turning point in the form of the Hellenistic monarchy, similar to that found in Late Antiquity by I. M. Grevs.

MORAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF MONASTIC LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE CONSECRATION BY PRINCE-MONK VASSIAN PATRIKEEV

The article analyzes the journalistic activity of the famous Russian medieval publicist, Prince-monk Vassian (Patrikeev). The article presents and analyzes his main arguments against the contemporary practice of monastic farms, which extended the right of ownership to large land plots. Vassian builds his argument against the patrimonial rights of monasteries - religious and theoretical argument (the Gospel commandments), historical argument (examples of ancient saints), and also complements it with canonical arguments, references to the decisions of church councils.

Distributional Issues in Natural Capital Accounting: An Application to Land Ownership and Ecosystem Services in Scotland

Accounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how natural capital is distributed. That is, who consumes ecosystem services and who owns or manages the underlying asset(s) that give rise to ecosystem services. In this paper, we examine the significance of the ownership of land on which ecosystem assets (or ecosystem types) is located in the context of natural capital accounting. We illustrate this in an empirical application to two ecosystem services and a range of ecosystem types and land ownership in Scotland, a context in which land reform debates are longstanding. Our results indicate the relative importance of private land in ecosystem service supply, rather than land held by the public sector. We find relative concentration of ownership for land providing comparatively high amounts of carbon sequestration. For air pollution removal, however, the role of smaller to medium sized, mostly privately owned, land holdings closer to urban settlements becomes more prominent. The contributions in this paper, we argue, represent important first steps in anticipating distributional impacts of natural capital (and related) policy in natural capital accounts as well as connecting these frameworks to broader concerns about wealth disparities across and within countries.

The urban hinterland

The Roman roads radiating from London attracted a series of roadside settlements, suitably distanced to have been stopping points after a day’s slow travel by ox-drawn cart and for cattle drovers. These were also places from which local estates might have been managed and where taxes could be raised at the intersection between urban and rural economies. Whilst the outlines of this road system and settlement network were Claudio-Neronian in origin, it was significantly enhanced in the Flavian period. Several important suburban villas were also established along the banks of the Thames at this time, although the wider landscape contains surprisingly few Roman villas. This was perhaps because of the relative unimportance of local land-ownership to the formation of power within the early town.

MONASTERIES OF THE TVER HALF OF THE BEZHETSKAYA PYATINA AT THE END OF THE 15TH - 16TH CENTURIES: LOCALIZATION, LAND OWNERSHIP

Статья посвящена монастырям и монастырскому землевладению в Тверской половине Бежецкой пятины в конце XV - XVI в. Основными источниками являются писцовые книги, привлекается актовый материал, описания XIX - начала ХХ в. В общей сложности выявлена информация о десяти монастырях, девять из которых возникло в XVI в. Наиболее ранним, предположительно, является Иоанно-Богословский монастырь в волости Удомля. Размеры монастырей Тверской половины Бежецкой пятины были невелики, землевладения располагались в непосредственной близости от самих монастырей. Более крупными являлись владения новгородских обителей - Воскресенского на Мячине, Кириллова, Юрьева, Троицкого Млёвского. В целом монастырское землевладение в Тверской половине Бежецкой пятины после присоединения Новгорода к Московскому государству уступало размерам владений Хутынского и Аркажского монастырей на этой территории в период новгородской самостоятельности. Небольшие размеры монастырского землевладения и малое количество монастырей на изучаемой территории объясняется ее периферийностью по отношению к Новгороду. Возникшие в XVI в. монастыри находились на сухопутных и водных путях сообщения. Упадок монастырского хозяйства наблюдается с последней четверти XVI в. Формирование систем приписных монастырей в XVII в., вероятно, являлось попыткой выхода из кризиса путем консолидации монастырских ресурсов. The article is devoted to the monasteries and monastery land ownership in the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya pyatina at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries. The main sources are the scribe books, acts, descriptions of the 19th - early 20th centuries. In total, information was revealed about ten monasteries, nine of which arose in the 16th centuries. The earliest, presumably, is the John Theological Monastery in the Udomlya volost. The size of the monasteries of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya pyatina was very small, the land ownership was usually located in the immediate vicinity of the monasteries themselves. The larger ones were the lands of the Novgorod monasteries - the monastery of the Resurrection on Myachino, Kirillov, Yuryev, as well as the monastery of the St. Trinity Mlevsky.In general, the monastery land ownership in the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya pyatina after the accession of the Novgorod to the Moscow state was very small and inferior to the size of the lands of the Khutynsky and Arkazhsky monasteries in this territory during the period of Novgorod independence. Small scales of monastery land ownership and a small number of monasteries in the area under the research are explained by its periphery in relation to Novgorod. At the same time, the monasteries that arose in the 16th century were on land roads and waterways. The decline of the monastery economy has been observed since the last quarter of the 16th century. The formation of systems of ascribed monasteries in the 17th century was probably an attempt to overcome the crisis by the consolidation of the monastery resources.

Biodiversity Economy and conservation territorialization: a pyrrhic strategy in Kwazulu-Natal

Post-apartheid Kwazulu-Natal is in the midst of ecological and social crises related to land ownership, resource control, minerals extraction, environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. The environs of the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi National Park are a violent environment, where the immediate violence of an anti-poaching 'war' waged over fears of Rhinoceros extinction, is counter-posed to the slow violence permeating the lives of marginal rural residents affected by the externalities of coal mining. A range of struggles are waged against these challenges, but a hegemonic 'Biodiversity Economy' intervention has arisen, attended by projects aimed at territorializing conservation space and multiple-win scenarios. Based on four years of intermittent research in the area, this article critiques the territorialization of conservation, project outcomes, and commercialization efforts within the Umfozi Biodiversity Economy Node (UBEN). I contend that a biodiversity economy nodal approach extends neoliberal conservation strategies, and functions as a spatial aggregator to reterritorialize conservation land use over space and time. However, the findings suggest that, despite years of energy and investment there have only been limited individual successes in the UBEN, and a range of frustrations, compounded by COVID-19 complications. The analysis also highlights further costs and externalities of the initiative: as the UBEN exacerbates underlying tensions in Kwazulu-Natal's uneven conservation geography, and it aligns with problematic and often unrepresentative traditional authority structures and related accumulation networks. It is also complicit with the production of sacrificial spaces at the conservation-extraction nexus.In this context, I argue the UBEN is pyrrhic; that is, an outcome or goal strived for/achieved at too little reward and too high a cost. The article extends political-ecological critique of neoliberal conservation and the green economy to incorporate the framing and implementation of biodiversity economy nodal approaches – and their uneven and pyrrhic effects – in contested, crisis-ridden conservation contexts.

Struggle of Vested-Interests on Type-C Mining Digging in Sebudi Village, Karangasem Bali

The application of regional autonomy in accordance with Article 10 of Law no. 22 of 1999 gave local governments the authority to manage natural resources, especially excavation C mining. The management of mineral C excavation in Sebudi Village will certainly have a positive impact and a negative impact on the community. The problems that then arise are that miners often violate the rules, causing damage that has an impact on the surrounding community, causing conflicts between corporations (miners) and the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the conflict and community resistance to the type-C excavation in Sebudi Village. This study uses interpretative qualitative methods through interviews, observations, and document studies. The results of this study indicate that there has been an internal conflict between the community and the miners. The conflict emphasizes the existence of unclear land tenure rights. This lack of clarity triggers small-scale disintegration triggered by the struggle for inheritance over land ownership which causes family ties to become more tenuous, resulting in mutual claims. The existence of mutual land ownership claims between families has an impact on the lack of clarity in the accountability of the land according to its rights and obligations (land certificates), thus causing uncertainty in paying taxes to the state or government. The absence of a land certificate is also one of the obstacles in managing the type-C excavation business permit which must be based on a land certificate.

Determinants of Preferences of the Respondents for the Payment for Environmental Services among the Rural Farming Households in Oyo State Nigeria

This study attempted to uncover the factors that influence preferences of the poor farming households for the attributes of Payment for environmental services (PES) in the Oyo State farm settlement Nigeria. Educational attainment, age of the respondents, previous knowledge of PES, land tenure, provision of micro credit, number of dependents, marital status and main occupation of the respondents. Dependent variable is preference for PES attributes.A multi-stage sampling technique was employed for this study.This study used exclusively Primary data.Which were collected through the use of a well-structured questionnaires and interview schedule for the literate and non-literate farmers respectivelyTotal sample of 395 out of 547respondents (i.e.72%) were drawn cumulatively. The regression results showed that previous knowledge of PES and provision of microcredit are significant at 5% each, while land ownership right is significant at 10% in the educational poverty group. In the consumption poverty group, previous knowledge of PES is significant at 5%, while land ownership right is positively significant at 1%, respectively. Housing/living standard poverty group; previous knowledge of PES and land ownership rights are significant at 5% each. From the findings of this study, it implies that if micro credit facilities are provided to these poor farming households, they will be willing to conserve the environmental resources (i.e. agricultural land). It therefore suggests that a well thought institutional arrangement with PES in view could be put up to enhance natural resource conservation and by extension reduction of poverty.