Seasonal patterns of steppe landscapes functioning of the Karadag nature reserve

The article is devoted to the study of steppe landscapes functioning of the Karadag nature reserve for the period of 6 years (2014-2019). The article uses a methodical approach to the assessment of intraday states of weather conditions to diagnose the nature of the steppe landscapes functioning. As results of the steppe landscapes functioning during the whole year the categories “development”, “destruction” both prerequisites and results of landscapes’ functioning, “accumulation” of prerequisites of landscapes development, and also mixed categories are distinguished. In general, the considered territory in the period from 2014 to 2019 is characterized by 85 variations of weather types. Considering of the steppe landscapes functioning in separate seasons, it is noted that, relatively alternating among them, in the winter period dominate the process of functioning prerequisites accumulation of steppe landscapes, and the process of prerequisites and results destruction of steppe landscapes functioning. The accumulation process is noted as the main result of steppe landscapes functioning in the spring season. It is dominant and fluctuates within 62.8 % and 96/8 % of the total number of functioning processes in steppe landscapes. The main result of functioning revealed in the summer season is development. It accounts for 63.2% (in 2014) to 99.9% (in 2015) of the diagnostic signs exhibited in steppe landscapes. In the autumn season the destruction process prevails, in a complex with parallel processes of various results of the steppe landscapes functioning.

THE MEANING OF VIRAT VIDYA'S TEACHINGS IN THE TEXT OF TUTUR BHUWANA MAREKA

<p>The text of Tutur Bhuwana Mareka is a lontar text that has a Shivaistic nuance and is <br />thick with Tattwa teachings. The text of Tutur Bhuwana Mareka has a core teaching that discusses a lot about the creation, maintenance, and destruction of the universe or what is known as Virat Vidyā. This study will discuss three basic consensus as the formulation of the problem which includes the meaning of harmony in the process of creation (uttpti), maintenance (stiti), and destruction (pralina). This study uses the theory of Hermeneutics from Friedrich August Wolf to discuss the overall problem formulation in this study. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method with several stages, namely: determining the type of research, finding sources of research data both primary and secondary data, determining research instruments, determining informants using purposive sampling techniques, collecting data using library, document, and descriptive methods, interview, then<br />analyze the data, and present the results of the data analysis. The meaning of harmony in the process of creation (uttpti) of the universe in the text of Tutur Bhuwana Mareka is the existence of Sang Hyang Mareka Jati to respond to an empty and silent situation without any creation. All objects and living things that He created are correlated with each other and this is what shows the existence of harmony in the universe. Because in essence the universe without its contents is incomplete and living things cannot live and settle without the existence of the universe. Furthermore, the meaning of harmony in the process of maintaining (stiti) the universe in the text of Tutur Bhuwana Mareka is the existence of Sang Hyang Mareka Jati in protecting the universe and all its contents. Then the last is the meaning of harmony in the process of destruction (pralina) of the universe in the text of Tutur Bhuwana Mareka which is<br />the return of the elements of creation to the creator, namely Sang Hyang Mareka Jati. The destruction process in this text shows the existence of a cyclic cycle, proving that there is harmony, balance, and harmony in the universe. Creation, maintenance, and destruction are forms of harmony created by God in his manifestation as Sang Hyang Mareka Jati to give understanding to humans that the entire contents of the universe are His manifestations and will surely return to Him.</p><p> </p>

Features of the Polymethyl Methacrylate Destruction Process by Various Types of Dynamic Loading

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the dynamic loading of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) target by a polyethylene (PE) projectile exposed to laser radiation with similar initial energy characteristics of the projectile and the laser pulse. The similarities and differences in the mechanisms of the target's response and its destruction to high-speed mechanical and laser action are shown. A higher efficiency of laser irradiation in the destruction of PMMA was found, and the conditions for the transition of the fracture mechanism from brittle to elastic-plastic were shown.

Investigation of surfactant effect during synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from bittern using ultrasonic destruction process

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their good surface reactivity. Magnesium oxide from bittern has a larger surface area compared to magnesium oxide from calcined magnesite and magnesium ions precipitation from bittern using sodium hydroxide has higher purity than using calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. In this research, sodium hydroxide was added to a bittern solution obtaining magnesium hydroxide precipitate, followed by the calcination process to produce magnesium oxide. Nano magnesium oxide was synthesized by the ultrasonic destruction process using ethanol and 2-propanol as media. In this study, sonication time and particle concentration effect on the ultrasonic destruction process were investigated. During the process, the sonication time was varied between 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 minutes while the magnesium oxide concentration was varied between 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %. Increasing sonication time and particle concentration will decrease the particle size. The previous study shows that particles with very small sizes tend to have an agglomeration effect. The aim of this work is to optimize nano magnesium oxide production from bittern. Surfactant addition was also studied to prevent agglomeration between particles. Four types of surfactant namely anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic (cetyl tri-methyl-ammonium bromide), amphoteric (fatty acid amido alkyl betaine), and non-ionic (nonylphenol 10 ethoxylated) with a concentration of 1 % and a volume of 0.125 ml were added during the second ultrasonic destruction process. All types of surfactants have a positive effect to prevent agglomeration during the ultrasonic destruction process, with the amphoteric surfactant having the highest performance

STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF ISOPRENE OLIGOMERS OBTAINED BY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION OF SKI-3 RUBBER

The present article proposes a method for production of low molecular weight rubber in microwave irradiation field. Isoprene rubber SKI-3 (10% solution in toluene) was used as the initial reactant. The effect of MWI power change (144 W, 450 W, 675 W, 900 W) on the degree of destruction was studied. The degree of destruction was measured based on the change in viscosity average molecular weight. The findings of the experiment data analysis indicate that the destruction process occurs in correspondence with the following dependency: the increase in the microwave irradiation power raises the destruction degree. At the same time, a decrease in molecular weight was observed. Furthermore, it was found that the use of phospholipids as modifiers also affects the destruction process. The increase in phospholipids content in toluene-SKI-3 system reduces the degree of polyisoprene destruction regardless of the microwave irradiation power. It is demonstrated by the fact that rubber molecular weight is subject to a lower decrease in systems with higher phospholipids content. Phospholipids perform two functions. Firstly, they act as a stabilizer that inhibits the rubber destruction process. Secondly, varying their content allows controlling the destruction degree and obtaining oligomers with predetermined molecular weight. The obtained oligomers were used as SKI-3 isoprene rubber modifiers. It is observed that that the introduction of oligomers into rubber mixtures in the amount of 7 and 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of rubber increases its cohesive strength. Furthermore, vulcanizates containing oligomers are characterized by improved physical and mechanical properties.

Identifying the Range of Micro-Events Preceding the Critical Point in the Destruction Process in Traditional and Quasi-Brittle Cement Composites with the Use of a Sound Spectrum

This paper presents the possibilities of determining the range of stresses preceding the critical destruction process in cement composites with the use of micro-events identified by means of a sound spectrum. The presented test results refer to the earlier papers in which micro-events (destruction processes) were identified but without determining the stress level of their occurrence. This paper indicates a correlation of 2/3 of the stress level corresponding to the elastic range with the occurrence of micro-events in traditional and quasi-brittle composites. Tests were carried out on beams (with and without reinforcement) subjected to four-point bending. In summary, it is suggested that the conclusions can be extended to other test cases (e.g., compression strength), which should be confirmed by the appropriate tests. The paper also indicates a need for further research to identify micro-events. The correct recognition of micro-events is important for the safety and durability of traditional and quasi-brittle cement composites.

Early Reactions to Raul Hilberg’s History of the Holocaust, 1961–7

Raul Hilberg’s landmark study of the Holocaust, The Destruction of the European Jews, was published in 1961. This article tells the story of the early response to Hilberg’s book. For the first time, journalists, scholars, intellectuals and representatives of Jewish communities engaged in a debate about the history and political significance of the Holocaust. This debate preceded the controversy surrounding Hannah Arendt’s articles on the trial of Adolf Eichmann and had more far-reaching consequences. Countless reviewers in the American press praised Hilberg’s analysis of the bureaucratic administration of genocide. They noted his conclusion that all of German society was involved in the ‘destruction process’ and its implications for the contemporary West German leadership. Scholars also lauded Hilberg’s book, although some of them criticized his inclusive perpetrator category and argued that he overlooked the importance of Nazi ideology and dictatorship. Hilberg’s claim that Jewish victims abetted their persecutors gave rise to a debate in Jewish journals and newspapers. Writers and historians objected to Hilberg’s purported ignorance of their experiences and of Jewish history. As this article shows, the reception of Hilberg’s work marks a crucial step in the formation of the Holocaust as part of historical consciousness.