Laundry Soap Production from the Respective Tallows of Goat, Sheep and Cow: Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties for the Best

Tallow mainly consists of triglycerides, whose major constituents are derived from stearic, palmitic and oleic acids, and its usage reduces production cost of soap, adds lather stability and hardness to soap. Laundry soaps were produced with variation on amount of tallow (sourced from cow, sheep and goat) and labelled as A, B, C, D and E formulations. The respective tallows were characterized in terms of saponification value and acid value and determined to be 192.14 and 2.24mg KOH/g (cow tallow); 200.56 and 2.38mgKOH/g (sheep tallow) and 197.75 and 1.96 mgKOH/g (goat tallow). The physicochemical properties of soap which determine its area of usage and cleansing properties were determined. The properties considered in this work were hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content, and total fatty matter. The hardness, moisture content, foam capacity, pH, free acidity content and total fatty matter of the produced soaps were determined and ranged between mild-deep penetration level; 11-21%; 1-9cm; 8-10.5; 0.16-0.82% and 40-86% respectively. From the comparative analysis, soap made from sheep tallow has the lowest penetration level (with formulations B and E), lowest free acidity content of 0.16% (with formulation A), highest total fatty matter of 86% (using formulation E), highest foam height of 9cm (with formulation A), lowest moisture content of 11% (with formulation A) and mild alkalinity of 8 (with formulations A, B and E). These results showed that the soaps produced from sheep tallow are the best in terms of hardness, lather and skin friendliness, due to its high degree of longer carbon chain lengths of fatty acids. These values satisfy the standard limit set for good quality laundry soap by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control and Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, respectively.

Use of jatropha seed oil and alkali solution obtained from its ash for soap making

The present study investigated the potential of Jatropha curcas L. seed oil and lye its ash for soapmaking. Oil was extracted from the seeds using Soxhlet extractor and n-hexane. Lye solution was obtained by boilingash of Jatropha with distilled water. The physicochemical properties (saponification value, Iodine value, acid valueand peroxide value) of the oil (and its blend with palm oil) were found to be consistent with reported values inliterature. The oil content and its relative density were also found to be 31.17% and 0.88g/cm3, respectively. Soapsamples were prepared by treating the oil and the prepared lye solution. Their physicochemical properties (moisturecontent, total alkali content, total fatty matter, pH, foam ability and cleansing ability) were found to be comparablewith reported properties for laundry soaps. The findings indicated that the lye solution from ash of Jatropha and itsseed oil result in soap materials that have acceptable qualities.

Quality Analysis of Selected Toilet Soaps in Saudi Arabia Markets

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction. The physicochemical properties of soaps determine their quality and hence determine their efficiency. Four toilet soaps from local markets in Saudi Arabia were analyzed for moisture, pH, free caustic alkali or free fatty acid, total fatty matter and insoluble matter in alcohol. The percentage of the moisture ranged between (3.0534±0.1782 -5.1235±0.4891 %), total fatty matter (79.6907± 0.0534 - 94.8253 ± 0.0622), insoluble matter in alcohol (0.7939± 0.0134 - 1.0368± 0.0234% (and there is no excess free caustic alkali. However, the pH values between (8.715±0.0219 - 9.745±0.0212). This study showed that the percent of moisture, free caustic alkali, insoluble matter, total fatty matter and pH values for different samples found to be in limited range. Finally, the percentage of free fatty acid are (1.0433±0.0813 -1.4107±0.1731%). The soaps analyzed proved to be of high quality and meet the standard values.

the FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL BATH SOAP CONTAINING METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF THREE AYURVEDIC VARNYA HERBS

Objectives: The ultimate aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate the herbal bath soap using methanolic extracts of three plants having ethnic and dermatological importance in Ayurveda, namely, Hemidesmus indicus, Cyperus rotundus, and Saussurea lappa. Methods: The roots of H. indicus and S. lappa and rhizomes of C. rotundus were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. Then, these extracts were used to make soap by reacting oil and lye in a process of saponification. Results: The soap made was evaluated for physicochemical characters such as total fatty matter, moisture content, and pH and found to be 77, 5.3%, and 8 and for other parameters, good characteristics were observed. Discussion: The soap also exhibited good cleaning efficiency in removing microbes on hands. Conclusion: Hence, based on the antimicrobial effects and parameters, the formulated soap can further be standardized and an alternative to commercial medicinal and skin whitening soaps.

Essential mint oil-based emulsions: preparation and characterization

The aim of this work is to present briefly the preparation methodology of four emulsions (named M2, M3, M6, and M7) based on extracted mint oil (Mentha Piperita) and their physical-chemical properties and quality characteristics (pH, density, acidity index, peroxide index, diene and triene content, in-time stability, humidity and fatty matter content), in order to select the most recommendable emulsion to be used in textile field. This work also underlines that the most stable emulsion is M6 emulsion followed by M3 emulsion.