Retrospective Clinicopathological Analysis of 65 Peri-Implant Lesions

Background and Objectives: Peri-implantitis is a common finding among patients with dental implants. There is no consensus regarding the treatment of this disease, but in many cases, surgical treatment is common practice. A histopathological analysis is not an integral part of suggested protocols. The present study investigated the clinical and histopathological parameters of lesions mimicking peri-implantitis and correlated them with the outcome and follow-up data. Materials and Methods: The study included 65 consecutive biopsies taken from peri-implantitis patients between 2008–2019. Results: The three common diagnoses were fibro-epithelial hyperplasia 20 (30.7%), pyogenic granuloma 16 (24.6%), and peripheral giant cell granuloma 15 (23%). There were 18 cases of recurrent lesions in the study group (27.7%). The recurrence rate was the highest in peripheral giant cell granuloma (8, 12.3%), versus 6% in pyogenic granuloma and fibro-epithelial hyperplasia. These differences in the recurrence rate were statistically significant (p = 0.014). Conclusions: This study emphasizes the necessity of submitting tissue of peri-implantitis cases for histopathological analysis since the more locally aggressive lesions (peripheral giant cell granuloma and pyogenic granuloma), which comprise nearly half of the cases in this study, do not differ in clinical or radiographic characteristics from other peri-implant lesions.

FAK Shutdown: Consequences on Epithelial Morphogenesis and Biomarker Expression Involving an Innovative Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration

By employing an innovative biohybrid membrane, the present study aimed at elucidating the mechanistic role of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in epithelial morphogenesis in vitro over 4, 7, and 10 days. The consequences of siRNA-mediated FAK knockdown on epithelial morphogenesis were monitored by quantifying cell layers and detecting the expression of biomarkers of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis. Histologic examination of FAK-depleted samples showed a significant increase in cell layers resembling epithelial hyperplasia. Semiquantitative fluorescence imaging (SQFI) revealed tissue homeostatic disturbances by significantly increased involucrin expression over time, persistence of yes-associated protein (YAP) and an increase of keratin (K) 1 at day 4. The dysbalanced involucrin pattern was underscored by ROCK-IISer1366 activity at day 7 and 10. SQFI data were confirmed by quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, thereby corroborating the FAK shutdown-related expression changes. The artificial FAK shutdown was also associated with a significantly higher expression of filaggrin at day 10, sustained keratinocyte proliferation, and the dysregulated expression of K19 and vimentin. These siRNA-induced consequences indicate the mechanistic role of FAK in epithelial morphogenesis by simultaneously considering prospective biomaterial-based epithelial regenerative approaches.

The Use of Hematological and Histopathological Biomarkers to Assess the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems in Koh Sichang, Thailand

Koh Sichang area in Thailand is a sink for a wide variety of contaminants such as heavily polluted water from industry and oil spills. This situation may affect the health status of fish living in the area, but such information remains scarce. In this study, we evaluated the health status of java rabbitfish Siganus javus, an important marine fish in Koh Sichang, using hematological and histopathological biomarkers. All fish samples were collected from the Koh Sichang area during December 2017 and January 2018. Although the salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen levels at sampling points were all within the normal range, abnormal nuclei were observed in erythrocytes (up to ~6% of all erythrocytes) and in some leucocytes (neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte). Visceral organs (gill, kidney and liver) were apparently normal in terms of gross morphology, but a wide variety of the histopathological alterations were found at the microscopic level: epithelial hyperplasia and aneurysm in gills; blood congestion and melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in the liver; renal degeneration, granuloma and MMCs together with unidentified parasites in kidney. Calculation of semi-quantitative parameters [histological alteration index (HAI) and the average value of alteration (AVA)] demonstrated the highest frequency of histopathological alterations in kidney, suggesting that kidney is a sensitive organ. Overall, our observations suggest that S. javus in Koh Sichang is under the pathological state and warrants conservation efforts. Keywords: Erythrocytes, Fish Health, Hematology, Histopathology, Kidney

A pilot study to establish an ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis minipig model

Introduction Because minipig skin is similar to human skin in anatomy and physiology, establishing an atopic dermatitis (AD) minipig model seems meaningful. Material and Methods We applied 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) or ovalbumin onto the back skin of five Yucatan minipigs aged 8–10 months and 19 kg in median weight. Two minipigs with the same parameters served as controls. Results Both DNFB and ovalbumin mediated epithelial hyperplasia, spongiosis, and immune cell infiltration in the dermis, which is a typical histopathological feature of AD. Moreover, AD upregulated the Th1- and Th2-related cytokine expressions in DNFB- or in ovalbumin-treated skin. Notably, AD-induced minipigs exhibited greater cytokine serum concentrations. Conclusion Histopathological finding and cytokine analysis revealed that DNFB or ovalbumin mediates AD. However, ovalbumin-treated minipig is a more reliable and precise AD model owing to the DNFB-induced severe skin damage. In summary, ovalbumin-treated skin shows similar AD as human in histopathological and molecular analysis.

Lipopolysaccharides Enhance Epithelial Hyperplasia and Tubular Adenoma in Intestine-Specific Expression of krasV12 in Transgenic Zebrafish

Intestinal carcinogenesis is a multistep process that begins with epithelial hyperplasia, followed by a transition to an adenoma and then to a carcinoma. Many etiological factors, including KRAS mutations and inflammation, have been implicated in oncogenesis. However, the potential synergistic effects between KRAS mutations and inflammation as well as the potential mechanisms by which they promote intestinal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects of krasV12, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and/or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) on inflammation, tumor progression, and intestinal disorders using transgenic adults and larvae of zebrafish. Histopathology and pathological staining were used to examine the intestines of krasV12 transgenic zebrafish treated with LPS and/or DSS. LPS and/or DSS treatment enhanced intestinal inflammation in krasV12 transgenic larvae with concomitant increases in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in the intestines. The expression of krasV12, combined with LPS treatment, also enhanced epithelial hyperplasia and tubular adenoma, demonstrated by histopathological examinations and by increases in cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and downstream signaling of phosphorylated AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and histone. We also found that krasV12 expression, combined with LPS treatment, significantly enhanced changes in intestinal morphology, specifically (1) decreases in goblet cell number, goblet cell size, villi height, and intervilli space, as well as (2) increases in villi width and smooth muscle thickness. Moreover, krasV12 transgenic larvae cotreated with DSS and LPS exhibited exacerbated intestinal inflammation. Cotreatment with DSS and LPS in krasV12-expressing transgenic adult zebrafish also enhanced epithelial hyperplasia and tubular adenoma, compared with wild-type fish that received the same cotreatment. In conclusion, our data suggest that krasV12 expression, combined with LPS and/or DSS treatment, can enhance intestinal tumor progression by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway and may provide a valuable in vivo platform to investigate tumor initiation and antitumor drugs for gastrointestinal cancers.

Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia

Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) or Heck’s disease is a rare, benign, oral condition that is associated with infection by human papillomavirus type 13, 32 or both. The whiteish to mucosal-colored, soft, papular or nodular elevated lesions in the oral cavity are normally asymptomatic but can grow to a size or at a location where treatment is needed. The diagnosis is often based on clinical presentation and histopathology, and the HPV genotype can be determined using PCR utilizing specific primers or DNA sequencing. While FEH was reported to often affect several members of the same family and exist primarily among indigenous populations around the world, the number of reported cases within the European region is increasing. This contemporary review summarizes the main findings in relation to HPV genotypes, impact of superinfection exclusion and vaccination, transmission, diagnosis, geographical and ethnical distribution, comorbidities and treatment of FEH with an emphasis on including the most recent case reports within the field. Furthermore, we describe for the first time a FEH lesion infected with the low-risk HPV90.

PERKEMBANGAN JUMLAH EKTOPARASIT Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. PADA INSANG KERAPU HIBRIDA CANTIK (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. polyphekadion) MELALUI METODE KOHABITASI

Genus Pseudorhabdosynocus merupakan Monogenea yang sering menginfeksi ikan kerapu. Pengaruh perbedaan jarak antara ikan sakit dengan ikan sehat terhadap perkembangan jumlah Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. pada ikan kerapu hibrida “cantik” dipelajari dalam penelitian ini melalui metode kohabitasi. Kohabitasi dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu (a) menempatkan lima ekor ikan sakit ke dalam keranjang dengan jarak 25 cm dari dasar bak, dan (b) menempatkan lima ekor ikan sakit ke dalam keranjang dengan jarak 10 cm dari dasar bak. Kedua keranjang tersebut diapungkan ke dalam bak plastik berbeda dengan volume 100 L air laut (33 ppt) yang masing-masing telah berisi 30 ekor ikan kerapu hibrida “cantik” sehat. Masing-masing lima ekor ikan dari kedua metode kohabitasi diambil pada hari ke-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, dan 15 pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infeksi buatan menggunakan metode kohabitasi (b) lebih cepat menyebarkan Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. dari ikan sakit ke ikan sehat dibandingkan dengan metode kohabitasi (a). Perkembangan populasi Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. dan telurnya pada metode kohabitasi (b) lebih tinggi yaitu 1.495 ± 206,3 ekor/ikan dan 18,6 ± 3,8 telur/ikan dibandingkan dengan metode kohabitasi (a) yaitu 163,2 ± 16,3 ekor/ikan dan 3,8 ± 0,7 telur/ikan pasca 15 hari kohabitasi. Secara histopatologi, lamela insang yang terinfeksi Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. menunjukkan adanya hyperplasia epitel sel filamen insang yang menimbulkan fusi filamen. Kerusakan filamen di hampir semua lamela insang menyebabkan terganggunya sistem pernapasan ikan kerapu. Hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyebaran Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. semakin cepat dengan semakin dekat jarak kontak antara ikan sakit dengan ikan sehat.Pseudorhabdosynocus is a genus of Monogenea that frequently infect grouper fish. This study aimed to observe the changes of density patterns of Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. in hybrid grouper gill through cohabitation. Two cohabitation methods were applied to understand the effects of distance between sick and healthy fish in terms of parasite infection. The cohabitation methos were arranged as follows: (a) five fish infected with Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. were placed into a basket at a distance of 25 cm from the bottom of the tank, and (b) five fish infected with Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. were placed into a basket at a distance of 10 cm from the bottom of the tank. The two baskets were floated into different plastic tanks of 100 L of seawater (33 ppt), each of which contained 30 healthy hybrid groupers. Each of the five fish from the two cohabitation methods was sampled on day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 15 after cohabitation. The results showed that the spread of Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. from sick fish to healthy fish with the cohabitation method b was faster than the cohabitation method a. The development number of Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. and its eggs in the cohabitation method b were higher, reaching 1,495 ± 206.3 parasite/fish and 18.6 ± 3.8 eggs/fish than the cohabitation method a, 163.2 ± 16.3 parasite/fish and 3.8 ± 0.7 eggs/fish after 15 days of cohabitation. Histopathologically, gill lamella infected with Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. showed the presence of epithelial hyperplasia of gill filament cells causing fusion. Damage of the gill filament in all of gill lamella has caused disruption of the grouper breathing system. From these findings, it can be concluded that the spread of Pseudorhabdosynochus spp. was faster if the distance of direct contact between sick and healthy fish was closer.