Study of Antimicrobial Resistance in Recreational Water Bodies

Thc development and proliferation of antibiotic resistance in pathogen, commensal and environmcntal microorganisms is a major heallh conccrn. The natural environment may act as a site of propagation and maintenance of antibiotic resistance and greatly depends on various human activities. The anthropogenic activities leading to rise and dissemination of antibiotic resistance should be studied extensively. Recreational water bodies can act both as the recipient and reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and thus serve as a potent site of horizntal transfer of antibiotic resistant genes and dissemination of the same to environmental microbes. In the current study, water samples of recreational water bodies were investigated as possible sources of antibiotic resistant bacterial population. Water samples from RabindraSarobar of Kolkata was surveyed and antibiotic resistance patern of gram negative fecal coliforrnswere mainly evaluated. Many of them were found to be Multidrug resistant(MDR) which is of great concem to the public health.

Assessment of antibacterial potentials of violacein extract from Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from domestic and recreational water sources in Owerri, Nigeria

This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the antibacterial potentials of violacein extracted from Chromobacterium violaceum isolated from domestic and recreational water sources in Owerri, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from different locations of the domestic water sources, five different swimming pools, and three borehole stations using sterile amber bottles. The isolation of C. violaceum was done using pour plate method on nutrient agar. The violet colonies of C. violaceum were counted, characterized and identified using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. The mean viable bacterial counts were high. Water sample from Otamiri station-1 have the highest bacterial count (200 × 101 CFU/ml and 19.50 × 101 CFU/ml) respectively. Swimming pool 1 and 3 bacterial counts were (4.50 × 101 CFU/ml, 11 × 101 CFU/ml and 11.50 × 101 CFU/ml) respectively. For borehole 1, 2 and 3, swimming pool 2, 4 and 5, counts were (0.00 × 101 CFU/ml). Ethanolic extraction of violacein from C. violaceum was performed from a 48-hour culture broth. The sensitivity of the bacteria isolates to violacein was assayed on nutrient agar and nutrient broth by agar diffusion and broth dilution methods respectively. All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to the violacein extract at various concentrations, except MRSA that showed resistance to the violacein at 2.19mg/ml for extract from recreational water isolate and at 17.5mg/ml to 2.19mg/ml for extract from domestic water isolates. Conclusively, violacein has the potential to be used as an antibacterial compound for treatment of multidrug resistant bacterial infections.

Health Risk in Hot Springs: A Literature Review

Natural hot spring is one of the recreational water. The public used it for recreation, relaxation, and therapy. The water quality should meet standards, such as free from microorganisms to prevent the onset of health complaints. This paper aimed to identify the pathogenic microorganisms and recreational water illness in natural hot spring users from worldwide studies. Method: This systematic review analysis use PRISMA Protocol as a guide to provide this article and PEO Framework to specified the criteria. Various database used to find those article is NCBI, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. In total of 10 eligible articles to analyse from 2010 -2020. Discussion: The result showed that hot spring users experienced health complaints after using hot springs contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The microorganisms identified were Naegleria spp, Naegleria fowleri, Legionella pneumophila, Vittaforma corneae, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex (MAC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium phocaicum. Recreation water illnesses identified were Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), Legionella pneumonia, Pseudomonas foliculitis, Pseudomonas mastitis, Microsporidial keratitis, Hot tub lung (HTL), and P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Besides the water quality, age, comorbid, and frequency of visiting hot springs were risk factors of recreational water illness. Conclusion: The onset of recreational water illness in users of hot springs was influenced by the quality of water microbiology and age.

Sanitary and epidemiological features of recreational water use of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar region

Introduction. The state of the recreational system of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory is of particular interest and great importance for the development of the medical and health complex in Russia. Currently, the Krasnodar Territory has a state task to develop beach tourism on the sea coast, one of the priority sectors of the Russian economy. Considering the territorial features of the Municipal Formation Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, the priority direction in the work of the Tuapse branch of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory is water protection measures aimed at ensuring the safety of public health. The study of the causal relationships of health and the environment based on the materials of social and hygienic monitoring and analysis of information data on indicators of human health and the environment determines the tactics of developing regional short-term and long-term preventive measures and programs to improve the environment and optimize the health of the population. Purpose of the study. studying the sanitary and epidemiological state of the recreation zones (beaches) of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar region. Materials and methods. the work is based on the materials of annual reports on sanitary and epidemiological well being in the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, the analysis of expert opinions and laboratory studies carried out by employees of the Tuapse branch of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory, the analysis of infectious morbidity, and the analysis of legislative and other regulatory requirements for the establishment and control of the state of recreation zones was also carried out Results and discussion. difficulties with the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over recreation areas are associated with: the imperfection of modern legislation on recreation zones, lack of publicly available information on the state of recreation areas and programs (plans) of sanitary and recreational activities, need for significant material resources to bring the existing and replace outdated sewage water treatment systems that pollute the water area of recreational areas in compliance with the regulatory requirements. Conclusions. The paper presents the features of the recreational water use of the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, describes the problems of the improvement of the recreational zones of the region. An analysis of laboratory studies of the recreational waters of the Black Sea over the past ten years and an analysis of the incidence of intestinal and enteroviral infections in the population of the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory were carried out, seasonal fluctuations in the incidence rate were identified (an increase during July-August). The increase in the morbidity rate in the summer is due to the influx of vacationers. The expediency of developing a draft system for assessing the sanitary and epidemiological reliability (disadvantage) of the recreation zone for ranking objects and creating an electronic database of objects is considered. This set of measures will effectively provide a risk-oriented model of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over recreation areas.

Multi-drug resistant Aeromonas species in Annelida: An evidence of pathogen harbouring leech in recreation water nexus of Oghara Nigeria environs

Aeromonas infections have shown diverse complications in management due to the multiple antibiotic resistance observed amongst its members. The origin and habitat of its resistance development yet remain vague. The present study depicts Leech and its infested recreational water as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila. Skin swabs of recreational water bathers before (Bb)/after bathing (Ab) (250 each) and 250 leeches (Hirudomedicinalis) were collected from recreational water sites. Standard Microbiological and Molecular biology methods were applied for isolation and characterization. Two hundred and forty-five (98%)Bb specimen, showed a negative growth oforganisms, 84% (210) of the Ab specimen harboured presumptive Aeromonas species, while 100% (250) Leeches specimen harboured Aeromonas species. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of 16SrRNA gene detection confirmed all (465/100%) isolates as Aeromonas species while 13.6% (63) were further delineated as Aeromonas hydrophila. The antibiogram showed 45(97.82%) resistance to the β-lactam antibiotic and other antibiotic groups. The PCR detection of resistant markers, virulent and plasmid profile of isolates reveals conjugative plasmid mediation, lip (123/97.6%), act (104/82%), hhly (93/73%) genes and BlaampC gene, BlaTEM, gene and BlaSHV gene. Observation of pathogens with similar multiple antibiotic-resistant gene-profile both in the bathers'skin swab and gut of leeches indicates origin/habitat, association and suggests the gut of leeches as breeding habitat for the pathogen. This is an emerging public health concern that associates specifically the environment and human superficial infections.

Assessing the water quality of Suva foreshore for the establishment of estuary and marine recreational water guidelines in the Fiji Islands

The Standards for water quality in Fiji defined in the Environment Management Regulations (2007) only relate to effluent discharge into the environment. Urbanisation is contributing to wastewater contamination in receiving estuary and marine recreational waters, thus requiring specific guidelines. To create a baseline for this, a sampling programme with relevant physico-chemical and biological parameters was implemented at 3 sites along the Suva foreshore, for 8 consecutive months, during low and high tides. Analysis was done in triplicates, using standard methods approved for the examination of water and wastewater. In the absence of relevant Fiji guidelines, the results were compared with ANZECC (2000) guidelines for estuary and marine waters. Low DO levels, high COD, TN, NH3, TP, OP and heavy metal concentrations were measured in all 3 sites. For instance, TN and NH3 concentrations as high as 4.44 ±0.99 mg/L and 2.58 ± 0.89 mg/L respectively were recorded in Wailea river (Site 2). The colony counts for the TC, FC and E. coli were in most cases above the limits. These results confirm that wastewater discharges add to the inherent levels of parameters in receiving water bodies and support the need for a specific, robust Fiji standards to better monitor water quality in foreshore areas.