Theoretical Notes on Action Schemes in Society

This essay presents theoretical constructs for characterizing the causal structure of social actions and developing a multi-level theory of action relating to accomplishment of goals via social organizations. Focal concepts include: action schemes, mobilization, internal and external fulfillments, power schemes, macroactions, effective actions, and purposeful actions. Additionally, an overview is provided of a methodological procedure for analyzing narratives in order to specify causal linkages among actions and thereby delineate action schemes. Some possibilities for future developments are noted.

The Values of a Balanced Culture

Organizational values, as the criteria that guide decision-making, play a central role in the implementation of management by missions (MBM). Most social organizations today develop a set of values. These sets of values are normally treated as fixed and even as untouchable. However, over time, some values change and evolve both in the organizational environment and within the organizations themselves. Some values may fall into the background, while others should come to the forefront. As a result, leaders need to adapt to these changes and create corporate cultures that best align with their corporate purpose over time. In this chapter, we propose a framework to help organizations create balanced sets of values in four categories: business, relational, development and contribution values.

Research on the Natural Hazard Emergency Cooperation Behavior between Governments and Social Organizations Based on the Hybrid Mechanism of Incentive and Linkage in China

Social organizations have become an important component of the emergency management system by virtue of their heterogeneous resource advantages. It is of great significance to explore the interaction between the local government and social organizations and to clarify the key factors affecting the participation of social organizations in natural hazard emergency responses. With the aim of exploring the relationship between the local government and social organizations, based on evolutionary game theory, the emergency incentive game model and the emergency linkage game model of natural hazard emergency responses were constructed. The evolutionary trajectories of the emergency incentive game system and the emergency linkage game system were described by numerical simulation. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of government decision parameters on the strategy selection of both game subjects was analyzed. The results show that both governmental incentive strategy and linkage strategy can significantly improve the enthusiasm of social organizations for participating in natural hazard emergency responses. Moreover, they could encourage social organizations to choose a positive participation strategy. Nevertheless, over-reliance on incentives reduces the probability of the local government choosing a positive emergency strategy. In addition, we found that, when both game subjects tend to choose a positive strategy, the strategy selection of the local government drives that of social organizations.

Multiple Collaborative Supervision Pattern Recognition Method within Social Organizations Based on Data Clustering Algorithm

This paper proposes a multiple collaborative supervision pattern recognition method within social organizations based on data clustering algorithm to realize diversified supervision within social organizations and improve the effect of the said pattern recognition. Firstly, the characteristics and functions of social organizations are analyzed, and the definition of social organizations is given. Further, this paper studies the meaning and characteristics of social organization supervision, analyzes the failure of internal supervision of social organizations, and then determines the internal governance elements of social organizations. In addition, the basic steps of pattern recognition are given. Finally, multiple collaborative supervision patterns recognition within social organizations is realized based on data clustering algorithm. Experiments show that this method can improve the recognition accuracy of multiple collaborative supervision patterns and reduce the recognition time.

Community Empowerment Synergy Model based on Parenting Programs in Reducing Numbers of Stunting in Cirebon Regency

The framework for preventing stunting can not only be carried out by government agencies but can also be implemented by public, this implies that stunting prevention is not only the responsibility of the health sector but requires the participation of all parties to contribute together in reducing numbers. Stunting in Indonesia, especially in Cirebon Regency, includes the need for change, attitudes, behavior, and mindset of society that must be changed to handle stunting as one of the efforts is through a synergy model of community empowerment parenting programs carried out synergistically and collaboratively by various institutions either by regional work units or by social organizations.

Survival or Crisis? Funding Distribution from Grant-Making Foundations to Grassroots Social Organizations in China

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake increased the need for disaster relief and reconstruction projects in China. This disaster created an upsurge of Chinese grant-making foundations, which then increased funding expectations. Many grassroots social organizations (SOs) in China believed that going forward, this level of funding would continue. However, the majority of grassroots SOs in China are currently facing an existential crisis. Their survival is being threatened by a shortage of funding from both local and foreign grant-making foundations. This research uses an empirical analysis of grant-making foundations and in-depth interviews, as well as observational evidence accumulated over a 10-year period, to explore the distribution of funding from foundations to grassroots SOs in China. The findings show that there are a limited number of Chinese grant-making foundations and that the foundations that exist do not include grassroots SOs in their funding scheme.

Social Contact Prior to COVID-19 and Longitudinal Mental Health Trajectories During COVID-19 Among Adults Ages ≥55

Social support protects mental health during a crisis. We examined whether prior contact with social organizations and friends/neighbors was associated with better trajectories of loneliness, depression and self-rated memory during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted latent class analysis and regression analysis on longitudinal data from the COVID-19 Coping Study of US adults aged ≥55 from April-October 2020 (n=3105). Overall, prior contact with friends(B=-.075,p<.001), neighbors(B=-.048,p=.007), and social organizations(B=-.073,p<.001) predicted better mental health amid COVID-19. Three classes were identified: Class1 had the best outcomes, whereas Class3 had the worst outcomes and were most likely to live alone(B=.149,p<.001). For Class1, prior contact with social organizations(B=-.052,p=.044) predicted decreasing loneliness. For Class2, prior contact with friends(B=-.075,p<.001) predicted decreasing loneliness and better memory(B=-.130,p=.011). Conversely, prior contact with neighbors(B=-.165,p=.010) predicted worsening loneliness among Class3. Our findings pose new questions on the role of neighborhood networks to mitigate poor mental health outcomes among older adults during a crisis.

Factors related to turnover intention among staff of elderly caring social organizations in Anhui Province, China: a cross-sectional study

Objective Turnover intention of employees in elderly caring social organizations has a significant impact on elderly care service delivery. This study investigated the associated factors of turnover intention among employees of elderly caring social organizations in Anhui Province, China. Methods A total of 605 participants were selected using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic, social support, and turnover intention from the participants. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis, one-way variance analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the factors related to turnover intention. Results Results of our study showed that the total score of turnover intention, turnover intention I (possibility of quitting a current job),turnover intention II (motivation to find other jobs) and turnover intention III (obtaining the external possibility of work) were 8.84, 2.32, 2.38, and 4.14, respectively. Social support negatively correlated with turnover intention I and turnover intention II. However, it showed positive correlation with turnover intention III and total turnover intention scores; turnover intentionI (coefficient: − 0.082), turnover intention II (coefficient: − 0.071), turnover intention III (coefficient: 0.19), Total score of turnover intention (coefficient: 0.093). Ethnic group, age, education level, and job satisfaction were associated with turnover intention. Conclusion Improvement of social support play an important role in reducing the turnover intention of employees in elderly caring social organizations. It is important to increase organizational commitment and strengthen psychological empowerment, combined with decreasing job burnout for stability.

Research on the Influence of Community Social Organizations on Smoking-Free Community Governance Based on the Trend of Pluralism

At present, under the background that the whole society is building a new pattern of social governance with common governance and sharing, we should give full play to the role of community social organizations in smoking-free community governance, plan as a whole, coordinate the cooperation between the society and the government to jointly carry out community governance-related issues, and realize the benign interaction between government governance, social adjustment and residents' autonomy. As an important part of community diversified governance, community social organizations have gradually become an integral part of smoking-free community governance by virtue of their own advantages of autonomy, non-officiality and openness, and have received more and more attention and favor. At the same time, relying on their own advantages, they created a pattern of community pluralistic governance together with other organizations, which has improved the ability and level of smoking-free community governance. In the process of all-round social development, social community organizations have mushroomed in the governance of various communities and made great progress in terms of quantity, organizational quality, importance and function. Modern smoking-free community governance is increasingly inseparable from community social organizations. In view of the importance of community social organizations to community governance, this paper studies the existing problems of community social organizations in community governance, understands the difficulties of cooperation among multiple subjects under the current trend of pluralism, explores how to better play the role of community social organizations, and gives operational and effective countermeasures and suggestions based on the problems existing in community governance to effectively promote the improvement of smoking-free community governance, which is very necessary and urgently needed.

Implementation of Indigenous Knowledge on Local Spatial Management: A Case Study in Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan

Spatial management consists of land property and land use management, both on land and in the ocean. From the perspective of ‘social-ecological systems’, local spatial management represented the resilience of adaptation that indigenous knowledge and environment change were interrelated. This study aims to extract critical components that contribute to the dynamic maintenance of the stability and sustainability of local spatial management. The indigenous knowledge of Yami people on Orchid Island was investigated as a case study to highlight how indigenous institutions functioned in a more suitable and adaptable way for local spatial management. Empirical data were collected by participatory mapping and an in-depth interview with indigenous experts. Differently from the official policy, the results show that the cultural-specific spatial regulations, including land ownership and land use, were strictly maintained with landscape structure and social organizations by the Yami indigenous institution. Local cultural spatial management with regulated and comprehensive institutions could cope with challenges immediately and dynamically, and enhance resilience more than official institutions that are simplified and controlled by the state. It is argued that spatial regulations, landscape structure, and social organizations from indigenous knowledge were recommended to be introduced into official spatial management institutions, to validate the values of indigenous knowledge and improve the resilience of local spatial management.