Intraindividual fluctuations in sleep predict subsequent goal setting in adolescents

The purpose of this study was to investigate within- and between-person associations between sleep and subsequent goal setting in adolescents. We conducted an intensive repeated measures longitudinal study to assess intra- and interindividual associations between sleep and goal setting and potential moderators of such associations. Thirty-nine seventh through 12th graders reported on their sleep quality and propensity to set goals in their daily lives several times per week for approximately four months. We used a combination of multilevel modeling with time-varying covariates and centering techniques to partition within- and between-person variance. We found significant and positive associations between sleep and goal setting within individuals, but no such associations between individuals. That is, students were more likely to set goals for their work after getting a good night’s sleep relative to their own average sleep quality, but getting good sleep on average relative to other individuals showed no association with average goal setting. These relationships were not moderated by participant age, gender, or sociodemographic status as indexed by maternal education. Differences in average sleep between adolescents matters less for their propensity to set goals than whether they experienced better- or worse-than-usual sleep the previous night given their own average. This finding represents the first evidence documenting effects of sleep on goal setting, which is an important psychological precursor to many youth behavioral and achievement outcomes. Our findings highlight the individuality of sleep needs and point to new directions for sleep-related practice and policy aimed at youth.

No evidence for trait- and state-level urgency moderating the daily association between negative affect and subsequent alcohol use in two college samples

It remains unclear whether the negative reinforcement pathway to problematic drinking exists, and if so, for whom. One idea that has received some support recently is that people who tend to act impulsively in response to negative emotions (i.e., people high in negative urgency) may specifically respond to negative affect with increased alcohol consumption. We tested this idea in a preregistered secondary data analysis of two ecological momentary assessment studies using college samples. Participants (N = 226) reported on their current affective state multiple times per day and the following morning reported alcohol use the previous night. We assessed urgency both at baseline and during the momentary affect assessments. Results from our Bayesian model comparison procedure, which penalizes increasing model complexity, indicate that no combination of the variables of interest (negative affect, urgency, and the respective interactions) outperformed a baseline model that included two known demographic predictors of alcohol use. A non- preregistered exploratory analysis provided some evidence for the effect of daily positive affect, positive urgency, as well as their interaction on subsequent alcohol use. Taken together, our results suggest that college students’ drinking may be better described by a positive rather than negative reinforcement cycle.

Energy-Saving Potential of Thermal Diode Tank Assisted Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems

Lowering the condensing temperature of the Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) system has been proven to effectively increase the system’s Coefficient of Performance (COP). This paper revolves around evaluating the energy-saving generated by applying a Thermal Diode Tank (TDT) in the RAC systems. The TDT is a novel invention, which is an insulated water tank equipped with gravity heat pipes. If the TDT was placed outdoors overnight, its inside water would theoretically be at the minimum ambient temperature of the previous night. When the TDT water is used to cool the condenser of RAC systems that operate during the daytime, a higher COP of this TDT assisted RAC (TDT-RAC) system could be achieved compared with the baseline system. In this study, a steady-state performance simulation model for TDT-RAC cycles has been developed. The model reveals that the COP of the TDT-RAC cycle can be improved by 10~59% over the baseline cycle depending on the compressor types. The TDT-RAC cycle with a variable speed compressor can save more energy than that with a fixed speed compressor. In addition, TDT-RAC cycles can save more energy with a higher day/night ambient temperature difference. There is a threshold tank size for a given TDT-RAC cycle to save energy, and the energy-saving can be improved by enlarging the tank size. A desk-top case study based on real weather data for Adelaide in January 2021 shows that 9~40% energy could be saved by TDT-RAC systems every summer day on average.

Analysis and forecasting of fog over Bangalore airport

The fog over Bangalore airport has been analysed. The different favourable conditions on the previous night of the fog day has been studied. Attempts have been made to forecast the fog using different techniques. The Composite method is a new objective method which provides a better technique both in terms of physical principles and statistics. The accuracy of different methods have been calculated for the purpose of comparison. The most important result of the analysis is that the frequency of duration and intensity of fog have gradually increased from the decade of 80s to the decade of 90s which may be due to the increase in pollution of air, other factors remaining unchanged.

Role of Ambivalent Sexism on Approval of Violence and Intention to Intervene in Media Campaigns Designed to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence

<p>This study aimed to investigate the effect of manipulating actor gender and relationship status in violence prevention campaign posters upon the relationship between ambivalent sexism and 1) approval of intimate partner violence (IPV), 2) intention to intervene as a bystander, and 3) understanding of IPV. The bystander literature was used to inform the design of the posters. The study employed a between-subjects design where participants (N=421) completed an online survey where they had to view one of four different poster conditions which displayed a victim telling two friends about how they were assaulted the previous night. Poster conditions were varied on the gender of the victim and perpetrator (male or female) and on the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator (stranger or intimate partner). The participants completed the Conflict Tactics Scale – 2 and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory before viewing the posters. After viewing the posters participants then completed the Bystander Attitudes Scale, Beliefs about Relationship Aggression Scale and an Understanding of IPV scale. Structural Equation Modelling was employed to analyse the data. The analysis revealed that there were no significant moderating roles of relationship status, victim gender, or participant gender on the relationship between ambivalent sexism and approval of violence, intention to intervene, or understanding of IPV. The study concluded that a multifaceted approach is needed to reduce IPV effectively beyond the use of media campaign posters alone.</p>

Role of Ambivalent Sexism on Approval of Violence and Intention to Intervene in Media Campaigns Designed to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence

<p>This study aimed to investigate the effect of manipulating actor gender and relationship status in violence prevention campaign posters upon the relationship between ambivalent sexism and 1) approval of intimate partner violence (IPV), 2) intention to intervene as a bystander, and 3) understanding of IPV. The bystander literature was used to inform the design of the posters. The study employed a between-subjects design where participants (N=421) completed an online survey where they had to view one of four different poster conditions which displayed a victim telling two friends about how they were assaulted the previous night. Poster conditions were varied on the gender of the victim and perpetrator (male or female) and on the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator (stranger or intimate partner). The participants completed the Conflict Tactics Scale – 2 and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory before viewing the posters. After viewing the posters participants then completed the Bystander Attitudes Scale, Beliefs about Relationship Aggression Scale and an Understanding of IPV scale. Structural Equation Modelling was employed to analyse the data. The analysis revealed that there were no significant moderating roles of relationship status, victim gender, or participant gender on the relationship between ambivalent sexism and approval of violence, intention to intervene, or understanding of IPV. The study concluded that a multifaceted approach is needed to reduce IPV effectively beyond the use of media campaign posters alone.</p>

The effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) physical integrity on utilization

Background In Ethiopia, despite improvements in coverage and access, utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) remains a challenge. Different household-level factors have been identified as associated with LLIN use. However, the contribution of LLIN physical integrity to their utilization is not well investigated and documented. This study aimed to assess the association between the physical integrity of LLINs and their use. Methods This study employed a nested case-control design using secondary data from the Ethiopian LLIN durability monitoring study conducted from May 2015 to June 2018. LLINs not used the night before the survey were identified as cases, while those used the previous night were categorized as controls. The physical integrity of LLINs was classified as no holes, good, acceptable, and torn using the proportionate hole index (pHI). A Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) model was used to assess and quantify the association between LLIN physical integrity and use. The model specifications included binomial probabilistic distribution, logit link, exchangeable correlation matrix structure, and robust standard errors. The factors included in the model were selected first by fitting binary regression, and then by including all factors that showed statistical significance at P-value less than 0.25 and conceptually relevant variables into the multivariate regression model. Results A total of 5277 observations fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Out of these 1767 observations were cases while the remaining 3510 were controls. LLINs that were in torn physical condition had higher odds (AOR [95% CI] = 1.76 [1.41, 2.19]) of not being used compared to LLINs with no holes. Other factors that showed significant association included the age of the LLIN, sleeping place type, washing status of LLINs, perceptions towards net care and repair, LLIN to people ratio, economic status, and study site. Conclusion and recommendation LLINs that have some level of physical damage have a relatively higher likelihood of not being used. Community members need to be educated about proper care and prevention of LLIN damage to delay the development of holes as long as possible and use available LLINs regularly.

Effects of post short nap sleep inertia on cognitive and psychomotor task performance

Introduction: Sleep inertia, a detrimental effect of daytime nap, may affect cognitive functions following awakening. The present study aimed to assess the effects of sleep inertia on cognitive and psychomotor tasks following short nap of 30 min taken in the afternoon hours, a realistic probability in the aerospace operational environment. Material and Methods: In a repetitive measure design, 30 healthy male volunteers having adequate sleep the previous night, were tested for changes in cognitive and psychomotor performance following 30 min of nap after lunch at the Sleep-cum-Group confinement lab. Post nap longitudinal testing for dual task (DT) test and Stroop test was carried out in periodic intervals for 40 min. DT response time (DTRT), DT lag error (DTLE), DT correct clicks (DTCC) and response time difference (Stroop Effect [SE]) were analyzed as performance measures. Results: There was a significant increase in DTRT (χ2 =11.13, P = 0.011) in the post-nap period as compared to pre-nap baseline values. No significant changes were observed in other parameters vis DTLE, DTCC, and SE. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the increase of DTRT was significant at 6 min post-nap session; following which the changes were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Sleep inertia was found to affect speed component of the task rather than accuracy in a post-nap period of 30 min. The effect was significant at 6 min following awakening and after that, the effects got dissipated. Although nap can be an effective strategy for sleep-alertness management, the effects of sleep inertia have to be borne in mind, especially during sustained military operations.

Household Predictors of Malaria Episode in Northern Uganda: Its Implication for Future Malaria Control

Background: Uses of indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINS) and treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) are greatly promoted in northern part of Uganda as mitigating strategies for malaria episodes. Unfortunately, the region still records the highest malaria prevalence of 63%. This study assesses household predicators of malaria in the region and their impact on malaria episodes at the household levels.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four districts of Gulu, Oyam, Kitgum and Agago covering sixteen villages in northern Uganda. In total, 193 households were surveyed. Data was collected through pre-tested structured questionnaire and systematically coded for analysis using R software.Results:Women headed 58% of the 193 households surveyed. Six hundred and five (605) individuals were declared to have spent the previous night in these households. On average, there were two bed nets per household and 502 (86%) spent the night prior to interview under a bed net. Overall, malaria episodes were strongly related to lack of bed nets or lack of use thereof, and directly linked to the number of individuals in a household. Children were prone to malaria more than adults by a ratio of 2:1. When given a choice between insecticides (IRS) and treated bed nets, 1 in 3 households preferred treated bed nets. At the same time, data suggests that bed nets were perceived unnecessary once IRS was applied. If true, the driving force to spraying insecticides indoor then becomes lack of a bed net. Conclusions:Household predicators of incidence of malaria in northern Uganda includes bed nets, use of treated bed nets, and indoor residual spraying with households not practicing any of these bearing the heaviest burden of malaria. Hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC) clusters households into four types in northern Uganda, 1) household that use bed nets and sleep in houses sprayed with insecticides; 2) households that use bed nets but no indoor residual spraying with insecticides; 3) households that have no bed nets and no indoor residual spraying; and 4) test bed nets before use. Malaria incidence was higher in children as compared to the adults.

O020 What helped you and what prevented you from getting good sleep? Contribution of daily facilitators and barriers to adolescent sleep

Introduction This intense longitudinal study examined factors that facilitate and hinder sufficient and good quality sleep in adolescents’ everyday life. Methods 205 (54.2% female, 64.4% non-white) Year 10–12 adolescents (Mage = 16.9 ± 0.9) completed daily morning surveys and wore actigraphy over 2 school-weeks and 2 subsequent vacation-weeks. Morning surveys assessed self-reported sleep and the usage of 8 facilitators and 6 barriers of sleep from the previous night. Linear mixed-effects models examined contribution of facilitators/barriers to actigraphy and self-reported total sleep time (TST) and sleep onset latency (SOL), controlled for age, sex, race, place of birth, and study day. Schooldays/non-schooldays was included as a moderator. Results Seven facilitators and two barriers were endorsed by high proportions (&gt;30%) of adolescents as frequently (≥50% days) helping/preventing them from achieving good sleep. Facilitators predicting longer TST and shorter SOL, were: “follow body cues”, “manage thoughts and emotions”, “create good sleep environment”, “avoid activities interfering with sleep” and “plan bedtime and go to bed as planned” (only TST on schooldays). Barriers predicting shorter TST and longer SOL, were: “pre-bedtime thoughts and emotions”, “unconducive sleep environment”, “activities interfering with sleep”, “inconsistent routines” and “other household members’ activities”. Overall, facilitators or barriers explained an additional 1–5% (p-values &lt; .001) of variance beyond the covariates. Discussion Adolescents perceive a range of factors as facilitating and as preventing sufficient and good quality sleep in everyday life. These factors are predictive of their sleep duration and onset latency, and need further research to understand their functions and clinical implications.