How Do Home Computer Users Browse the Web?

With the ubiquity of web tracking, information on how people navigate the internet is abundantly collected yet, due to its proprietary nature, rarely distributed. As a result, our understanding of user browsing primarily derives from small-scale studies conducted more than a decade ago. To provide an broader updated perspective, we analyze data from 257 participants who consented to have their home computer and browsing behavior monitored through the Security Behavior Observatory. Compared to previous work, we find a substantial increase in tabbed browsing and demonstrate the need to include tab information for accurate web measurements. Our results confirm that user browsing is highly centralized, with 50% of internet use spent on 1% of visited websites. However, we also find that users spend a disproportionate amount of time on low-visited websites, areas with a greater likelihood of containing risky content. We then identify the primary gateways to these sites and discuss implications for future research.

Access Across the Digital Divide for Intersectional Groups Seeking Online Health Information: A National Survey (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The digital divide refers to technological disparities based on demographic characteristics (e.g., race and ethnicity). Specifically, the lack of physical access to the Internet inhibits online health information seeking (OHIS) and exacerbates health disparities. Digital divide literature has adopted a multi-dimensional conceptualization of access by examining device and context of use, whereas OHIS literature has explored how intersectional identities influence OHIS. We combine these perspectives to explicate how unique context-device pairings operate differently across intersectional identities – particularly racial and ethnic groups – in the domain of OHIS. OBJECTIVE This study examines how different types of internet access relate to OHIS for different racial and ethnic groups. We investigate relationships between predisposing characteristics (i.e., age, sex, education, income), internet access (home-computer, public-computer, work-computer, and mobile), health need, and OHIS. METHODS Using data from the 2019 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), participant responses (N = 5,247) were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) of a theoretical model of OHIS to explicate the roles of internet access and health need for racial and ethnic minority groups’ OHIS. Three separate group SEM models were specified based on Black/African American, Latino/a/x or Hispanic, and White self-categorizations. RESULTS In general, predisposing characteristics (i.e., age, sex, education, income) were associated with internet access, health need, and OHIS, internet access was associated with OHIS, and health need was associated with OHIS. In exploring our research questions, we disaggregated internet access and found that home-computer and mobile access were most consistently associated with OHIS. When disaggregating by racial and ethnic minority groups, we found several notable linkages between predisposing characteristics and internet access that differed for Black/African American and Latino/a/x or Hispanic individuals. Older racial and ethnic minorities tended to access the Internet on home and public computers less frequently, home-computer access was a stronger predictor of OHIS for White individuals, and mobile access was a stronger predictor of OHIS for non-White individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings necessitate a deeper unpacking of how physical internet access, the foundational and multifaceted level of the digital divide, impacts specific racial and ethnic groups and their OHIS. We find support for prior work on the digital divide, but also surface new insights, including distinct impacts of context-device pairings for OHIS and several relationships that differ between racial and ethnic groups. As such, we propose interventions with an intersectional approach to access to ameliorate the impact of the digital divide.

Passively-Measured Routine Home Computer Activity and Application Use Can Detect Mild Cognitive Impairment and Correlate with Important Cognitive Functions in Older Adulthood

Background: Computer use is a cognitively complex instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) that has been linked to cognitive functioning in older adulthood, yet little work has explored its capacity to detect incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective: To examine whether routine home computer use (general computer use as well as use of specific applications) could effectively discriminate between older adults with and without MCI, as well as explore associations between use of common computer applications and cognitive domains known to be important for IADL performance. Methods: A total of 60 community-dwelling older adults (39 cognitively healthy, 21 with MCI) completed a neuropsychological evaluation at study baseline and subsequently had their routine home computer use behaviors passively recorded for three months. Results: Compared to those with MCI, cognitively healthy participants spent more time using the computer, had a greater number of computer sessions, and had an earlier mean time of first daily computer session. They also spent more time using email and word processing applications, and used email, search, and word processing applications on a greater number of days. Better performance in several cognitive domains, but in particular memory and language, was associated with greater frequency of browser, word processing, search, and game application use. Conclusion: Computer and application use are useful in identifying older adults with MCI. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether decreases in overall computer use and specific computer application use are predictors of incident cognitive decline.

The archive and the scene: On the cultural techniques of retrocomputing databases

Several digital spaces are now archiving artifacts from the first 1980s home computer boom. These spaces are not only storages but also social venues and “memory banks,” and thereby depend on several concurrent practices: software and hardware developed to read, run, and preserve computer code; archiving of old software, magazines, and personal stories; contemporary conferences dedicated to retrocomputing; and making artifacts, which used to be private, publicly available. The article argues that retrocomputing can be seen as a foreshadowing in terms of managing collective digital archives, memories, and relationships to digital material. Taking the Commodore 64 Scene Database as a case, this article (1) engages with both users and cultural techniques in order to (2) theorize collective digital archives as “performative in-betweens” and (3) discuss how retrocomputing may become a default mode for people seeking access to their digital pasts in a time when planned obsolescence is rampant.

A Trans Historiography of Glitches and Errors

In 1978, queer and transgender programmer Jamie Faye Fenton created the first piece of experimental video glitch art, Digital TV Dinner, using the Bally Astrocade, a home computer and game console of her own design that was, for six months, the cheapest home computer available. Digital TV Dinner stands as a record of computational failure: it was created by Fenton through a pointed misuse of the computer system that caused the screen to dissolve into waves of pixelated glitches. What might it mean to center the glitch as a historically trans mode of media production? And how might we write trans media history as a history of unmediation—that is, a history of undoing mediation? A history of things that cannot be documented, or that evade or dismantle mediation, in which the fullness of trans life and history exceeds the images presented in the screen itself?