The impact of currency risk on international outsourcing

The paper considers the impact of currency risk on economic systems based on international outsourcing. The theoretical basis for constructing a model of the economic system based on international outsourcing, as well as economic speculative currency risk, is presented. The authors propose and describe a model of the impact of currency risk on economic systems based on international outsourcing. Mathematical modeling, as well as mathematical and graphical analysis of indicators characterizing the impact of currency risk are carried out. The results reflecting the impact of currency risk on a particular participant of the economic system, as well as on the system as a whole, under various particular conditions, are presented. The authors point out that currency risk in economic systems based on international outsourcing is expressed, not only explicitly, but also covertly through changes in the volume of production, cost and price of final value. Based on the modeling, general and specific criteria for the qualitative assessment of currency risk in international outsourcing are proposed. The results of the study can be used by organizations that are part of economic systems based on international outsourcing, regardless of the management approach and the mechanism for forming an economic system based on international outsourcing.

Neutralizing currency risk in procurement via hedging

The article discusses the concept of currency risk arising in foreign trade procedures and defines currency risk types: operational, translational, economic and hidden risks. The main factors influencing exchange rate are determined: level of inflation, interest rates in different countries, state of current accounts, amount of public debt, terms of trade and political stability. Methods of assessing currency risk using the Value-at-Risk methodology are presented: historical modeling, variancecovariance model, Monte Carlo modeling. Exchange-traded and overthe-counter currency risk management tools, such as options, futures, forwards, swaps, debt contracts, and natural hedging methods, are described in detail. Practical examples of using these tools to neutralize currency risk are also given.

Risk management related to the use of payment systems

Payment system is a complex system of managing funds transfers and settlements between economic entities, which ensures the rational implementation of the basic functions, uninterrupted financing of activities using the latest methods and payment instruments used to reduce cash flow and ensure the effectiveness of monetary, monetary policy countries. In the course of its functioning, the payment system, like any economic system, can be exposed to the risks of its professional activity. Characteristic risks of the payment system are credit risk, liquidity risk, currency risk, operational, legal and systemic. In the event of risks, an effective management system should be implemented, taking into account all possible scenarios of impact, both micro- and macroeconomic factors, which could cause significant losses at all levels of government. An important aspect of a payment system's risk management policy is that it is adequately assessed. The main stages of assessing the level of financial risks generated by the use of payment systems and their impact on the performance indicators are: 1. Systematization and formalization of financial risk factors generated by the use of payment systems. 2. Constructing a multiple multivariate regression equation, realizing the relation between factor (X) and performance (B). 3. The choice of factor traits to include them in the equation of the economic-mathematical model of standardized regression. 4. Economic interpretation of the results of correlation-regression analysis and their use in the decision-making process. Information base for assessing the level of risks generated by the use of payment systems is the NBU's official data on the activity of Ukrainian banks. It should be noted that the most sensitive to the risks generated by the use of payment systems are: liquidity risk; credit risk, currency risk. Thus, in a context of uncertainty and environmental volatility for banking institutions, the strategic aspect should be to focus on securing competitive positions, determining the acceptable level of risk through the use of the latest economic and mathematical modeling tools, extrapolation forecasting, fuzzy set theory, and choice of payment systems with them should be a strategic priority for each organization.