The “Supermen” Club: Organizational Secrecy and Masculine Identity in an Israeli National Security Organization

How does secrecy shape narratives of militarized hegemonic masculinity? This article assesses a gap at the intersection between theories of masculinities and organizational secrecy. Supported by 15 interviews with current and former male workers of a covert section of an Israeli national security organization, it argues that secrecy is experienced as both an external hurdle and a central component to the way that men internalize masculinity. Unable to access social capital outside the security organization, the respondents of the study construct a social field inside it through which they can assert their masculinity. They do so by conceptualizing their jobs, themselves, and the organization through a prism of sacrificial warriorhood, and actively incorporate secrecy’s constraints into a narrative of “super-men”. This study thus examines secrecy in the context of a militarized environment, showing the experience of masculinity and a perceived lack of power-access among members of a dominant group.

Neotoponymy, Appropriation of Space and Youth Political Expression in Tokombéré, Northern Cameroon (1970–2011)

Using the example of neotoponyms proliferation in Tokombéré (Northern Cameroon) between 1970 and 2011, this paper questions the banal tactics of naming places as a site of public patriarchy contestation. In fact, young people play a crucial role in reinventing local political power forms of interpellation, which enables them to symbolically reappropriate the space. This helps to establish their presence in the public sphere from which they have been side-lined by social elders. Even though it reflects a political expression, the fact remains that the attribution of toponyms does not really help to reverse their domination into social field.

Strengthening partnerships for insurance purposes a decent living

In this article it is reported the strengthening of partnership relations in order to ensure a decent living in the Republic of Moldova. It describes the forms of partnership in the social field is one of the most important principles of social assistance: social partnership as a means of implementing social assistance measures.

دور الصحافة الالكترونية في نشر قضايا الهجرة (دراسة تحليلية لصحيفة الانتباهة الالكترونية السودانية )

This study aimed at answering the research questions on the ways of this newspaper participation in the transmission of the information which is presented in all types of newspaper writing, reviewing the issues which concern the visitors. Some 110 editing stuffs were on the immigration and Sudanese who work abroad, representing the study sample in the context of the study duration. The study used the historical and descriptive methodologies, selecting a sample of the study society, because it is difficult to represent all the society in the study. It also used the content analysis for the sample of the study representing types of editing which transmitted in (Al-Intibahah) electronic newspaper during the first five months of 2013. The important results of the analysis are: most of the writing types are the reports, most of the samples concentrated on the social field, most of them are on negative attitudes on the Sudanese immigrants and their immigration for working abroad and most of the writing types had negative stance towards the immigration and immigrants' issues.

KAMPUNG LEUSER: TANTANGAN DAN PROSPEK SEBUAH PERMUKIMAN INFORMAL DI KEBAYORAN BARU

Kebayoran Baru was a well-planned new town. However, over time, Kebayoran Baru has been transforming, whether it is planned or not. One form of transformation in Kebayoran Baru has been the presence of informal settlements, such as those on Jalan Leuser. The kampong, which is claimed by its residents has been inhabited since 1955, has faced various challenges along the way, one of which is the threat of land expropriation and eviction. The threat of eviction stems from a land dispute involving the residents of Kampung Leuser as the party occupying the land and PAM Jaya as the party who claims to have rights to the land. Equiped with an HGB certificate under its name, PAM Jaya in 2016 requested residents to leave the land immediately. Residents who claimed to have lived on the land for more than 60 years firmly rejected PAM Jaya's claim and fought back. This study uses a qualitative research approach and a semi-autonomous social field perspective, aiming to understand the challenges of effective citizen control over the land and the prospects for future settlements. The challenges are formulated based on the background of the people's control over the land, the process, and its development until now. Meanwhile, prospects are presented through possible scenarios, either pessimistic, moderate, or optimistic scenarios. The results show that until now (2019), four years after the eviction plan began, Kampung Leuser still survives. In fact, the residents have also sued BPN as the party that issued the HGB certificate for PAM Jaya. This proves that the survival of Kampung Leuser is not impossible. Of the three scenarios that can be pursued in the future, the moderate scenario can provide a sense of justice for various parties. Furthermore, this dispute is expected to provide a lesson for the field of regional and urban planning, both practically and theoretically, regarding solutions in the management of informal settlements, both in the new city of Kebayoran Baru, as well as in other new cities in Indonesia.Keywords: informal settlements; semi-autonomous social field; Kampung Leuser – Kebayoran Baru AbstrakKebayoran Baru merupakan kota baru yang direncanakan dengan baik. Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu, Kebayoran Baru mengalami transformasi, baik direncanakan maupun tidak. Salah satu bentuk transformasi di Kebayoran Baru adalah hadirnya permukiman informal, seperti yang antara lain berada di Jalan Leuser. Kampung yang diklaim oleh warga telah dihuni sejak 1955 ini, dalam perjalanannya mengalami berbagai tantangan, salah satunya adalah ancaman pengambil-alihan lahan dan penggusuran. Ancaman penggusuran ini bermula dari sengketa tanah yang melibatkan pihak warga Kampung Leuser selaku pihak yang menempati lahan dan PAM Jaya selaku pihak yang mengklaim memiliki hak atas lahan tersebut. Berbekal sertifikat HGB atas namanya, pihak PAM Jaya pada 2016 meminta warga untuk segera meninggalkan lahan tersebut. Warga yang mengaku sudah tinggal di lahan tersebut sejak lebih dari 60 tahun dengan tegas menolak klaim pihak PAM Jaya dan melakukan perlawanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dan perspeltif semi autonomous social field, bertujuan untuk memahami tantangan penguasaan efektif warga atas tanah tersebut, dan prospek permukimannya ke depan. Tantangan dirumuskan melalui latar belakang penguasaan warga atas lahan tersebut, proses, dan perkembangannya hingga saat ini. Sementara, prospek disajikan melalui skenario jalan keluar yang dapat ditempuh, baik skenario pesimis, moderat, maupun optimis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hingga saat ini (2019), empat tahun setelah rencana penggusuran bermula, Kampung Leuser masih bertahan. Bahkan, pihak warga juga sudah menggugat BPN selaku pihak yang mengeluarkan sertifikat HGB untuk PAM Jaya. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa bertahannya eksistensi Kampung Leuser bukanlah hal yang tidak mungkin. Dari tiga skenario yang dapat ditempuh ke depan, maka skenario moderat dapat memberikan rasa keadilan bagi berbagai pihak. Lebih jauh diharapkan sengketa ini dapat menjadi pembelajaran bagi bidang ilmu perencanaan wilayah dan kota baik secara praktis maupun teoritis mengenai solusi dalam pengelolaan permukiman informal, baik di kota baru Kebayoran Baru, maupun di kota-kota baru lainnya di Indonesia.

PENDEKATAN SEMI-AUTONOMOUS SOCIAL FIELD DALAM STUDI DAN PERENCANAAN PERKOTAAN: TELAAH METODOLOGIS

This study discusses an approach widely used in the study of legal anthropology, i.e., semi-autonomous social field, for its potential application in the fields of urban studies and planning. This approach is considered highly relevant as it explains what and why discrepancies take place between what is dictated by state policy (including spatial planning) and what is actually accepted and applied in a semi-autonomous social field, like community or organization/company. By understanding these discrepancies, we may be able to appreciate the existence of local norms, values, and habits and, therefore, also of legal pluralism. Once again, as a legal product, urban plan is also bound to such an understanding. Two examples are taken to illustrate the application of this approach. In both illustrations, processes of elaboration, adjustment, acceptance, and conflict were demonstrated. Keywords: semi autonomous social field, rules-in-use, urban studies and planning. AbstrakKajian ini membahas pendekatan yang lazim digunakan dalam kajian antropologi hukum, yaitu bidang sosial semi-otonom, dan potensi penerapannya dalam bidang studi dan perencanaan perkotaan. Pendekatan ini dipandang sangat relevan karena menjelaskan apa dan mengapa terjadi perbedaan antara apa yang ditetapkan oleh kebijakan negara (termasuk rencana tata ruang) dan apa yang sesungguhnya diterima dan diterapkan dalam bidang sosial semi-otonom, seperti komunitas atau organisasi/perusahaan. Dengan memahami ketidaksesuaian tersebut kita dapat mengapresiasi keberadaan norma, nilai dan kebiasaan lokal dan karenanya juga dapat menghargai pluralisme hukum. Sekali lagi, sebagai produk hukum, rencana kota juga terikat pada pemahaman semacam itu. Dua contoh digunakan untuk mengilustrasikan penerapan pendekatan ini. Dalam kedua contoh, proses-proses elaborasi, penyesuaian, penerimaan, dan konflik ditunjukkan.

Usage of The Field Index in Machine Translation

The current article discusses the main problems of human and machine translations, as well as introduces a new lexical description in machine translation for faster and more accurate translation. The new method uses so-called field indicators or the Field Indices to facilitate the MT search engine for words by marking these words with special components creating a semantic field, and allowing the MT devices to search for the word according to its usage in the text. The Field Index system covers the semantic description of the following main spheres: scientific field, public or social field and humanitarian field. These three spheres contain subfields that usually mingle with the parent index through a dash, with the parent index being with the first one. The scientific field includes such aspects as geography, mathematics, chemistry, physics, economy, medicine, etc., with related subfields like diseases and biological terms (for medicine), names of drugs (as a separate filed), finance and accounting (as part of economy), etc. Applied Sciences Index contains miscellaneous words used by other subfields of the same scientific sphere: e.g., computer, telephone, function and many others, and plays a crucial part in distinguishing polysemantic words such as mouse (hardware), root (in mathematics), etc. The public or social field contains subfields that narrow the meaning of words to a specific one and includes aspects as art, agriculture, law, education, religion, housing utilities, time, transportation, people, etc.i+iT Ss the widest semantic field containing a lot of subfields specifying words that belong to such groups as colours, architecture, games, music, sport, etc. (for art index), clothing, beverages, food and production (for agriculture index). Notions of time, people, professions and terms for religion and items used in household are present in this group due to its wide usage within the society. The humanitarian sphere deals mostly with terms used in languages, literature, manuscripts and libraries. These subfields help identify polysemantic words between nations and languages, book titles and ordinary words and phrases, and literary styles (documentaries, fairy tales, dramas, etc.). In turn, these can be further defined as prose or a poem. All formulae proposed in the project consider the presence of the Field Indices and its position at the end of the description of the word. Depending on the target language, the translated version should be identical with the source following this very principle.

MODELING OF THE MAIN TOPIC FOR THE INFORMATION VISITOR CENTER OF ECOTOURISM TERRITORIES (URBAN PLANNING TESTING OF BOURDIEU’S CONCEPT OF FIELD)

The urban planning system of the ecotourism territory is studied as a system of interacting objects – a network of ecological and educational information visitor centers. The formation of ecological consciousness is the main path leading to the balanced development of human and nature. Visitor centers are created to indirectly manage the recreational impact on the ecosystems of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) by forming an ecological consciousness among visitors, based on the transmitted information. The content of the information (the main subject) of the interacting visitor centers forms the information space of the ecotourism territory, its morphology organizes the planning structure of the territory. The main theme shows the uniqueness of the territory, highlighting the most striking natural and cultural-historical features, translates the model of harmonious relations between human and nature that has developed on this basis. The information should be properly structured and well-organized system to strengthen the informational influence on visitors. The conceptual basis for modeling the content (main subject) of the visit center is the model of the social field of P. Bourdieu. According to P. Bourdieu’s social field, the social space is considered as a topology divided into a number of elements-fields that owe their structure to the uneven distribution of individual types of capital. The capital of the ecological social field is the cultural models of the harmonious coexistence of human and nature. The impact of eco-educational institutions in the ecological social field depends on the size of the cultural capital belonging to them and the internal scheme of perception of the cultural model (habitus). The social resource and the internal attitudes of visitors structure the social space. As a result of the research, the author proposes a conceptual model of the environmental education system to strengthen the influence of the ecological field. Its essence is that the content of the information of the visitor center (the main subject) should correspond to the place of its localization-the field of influence of the visitor center on visitors.