Accelerating On-Chip Training with Ferroelectric-Based Hybrid Precision Synapse

In this article, we propose a hardware accelerator design using ferroelectric transistor (FeFET)-based hybrid precision synapse (HPS) for deep neural network (DNN) on-chip training. The drain erase scheme for FeFET programming is incorporated for both FeFET HPS design and FeFET buffer design. By using drain erase, high-density FeFET buffers can be integrated onchip to store the intermediate input-output activations and gradients, which reduces the energy consuming off-chip DRAM access. Architectural evaluation results show that the energy efficiency could be improved by 1.2× ∼ 2.1×, 3.9× ∼ 6.0× compared to the other HPS-based designs and emerging non-volatile memory baselines, respectively. The chip area is reduced by 19% ∼ 36% compared with designs using SRAM on-chip buffer even though the capacity of FeFET buffer is increased. Besides, by utilizing drain erase scheme for FeFET programming, the chip area is reduced by 11% ∼ 28.5% compared with the designs using body erase scheme.

Architectural Evaluation of 3D-Printed Buildings

3D-printed constructions express the capacity of automated technologies to elaborate buildings through additive manufacturing. These constructions require an architectural design according to their manufacturing conditions. This research reviews buildings that have been executed with these technologies in order to determine architectural characteristics. From an Internet search, a register was compiled of 112 cases of 3D-printed constructions around the globe. They include some 10,000 m2 of built surface area and were mainly erected in the last five years. The review shows that cases were built by approximately thirty executors, mostly entrepreneurs’ companies who have made different buildings as single-family dwellings constructed with gantries or robotic arms, either on-site or in factories. Most of the components printed are walls, with single or double filaments with interior voids. In some cases, they integrate reinforcements and openings. The geometry of the 3D-printed constructions varies between orthogonal layouts that replicate existing buildings and spherical shapes that reflect printing capabilities. Many of the cases are a combination of these characteristics, mixing a technological adaptation to existing architecture and new operative conditions. This review reveals the emerging development of this construction system with the progressive consolidation of some architectural attributes.

Emergency Architecture: Van and Onagawa Example

The need for temporary housing in natural disasters is an important issue for people to develop. During this period, post-disaster accommodation needs are often planned with temporary housing applications that require rapid installation and where the minimum needs of inhabitant can be met. Decisions to be taken in the residential area; can range from the choice of urban relations to the architectural design of temporary residences and can affect the resident's quality of life. A temporary home that will resist a recurring disaster should be a design suitable for climate conditions, close to the adequacy of basic needs in containers, security, and access to urban infrastructure, sustainability of materials, sociality, health and education facilities. In this context, environmental and architectural evaluation of Van and Onagawa container settlements planned after the major earthquakes in 2011 reveals the essence and importance of the study. It also aims to analyse and compare architectural and urban decisions in these settlements, creating a checklist for projects made with the principle of planning and design before future disasters.

ARCHITECTURAL EVALUATION THROUGH STAKEHOLDERS’ PARTICIPATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATION CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR PHRA THAT THA UTHEN TEMPLE SITE IN THE NORTHEAST OF THAILAND

Phra That Tha Uthen stupa is one of the most sacred religious monuments in both Thailand and Lao.PDR. In 1994, the site was registered as National Monument by the Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Culture. Since its location is in the upper north-eastern region of Thailand, it has been worshipped by both Thais and Laotians. In 2002, the Tourism Authority of Thailand promoted cultural tourism along with the provincial policy for supporting tourism along the Mekong River in 2008, the site has provoked interests among visitors as well as national and local participants towards the site. Currently, the site and its architecture encounter problems from the differences in understanding of architecture and value perceived by conservationists and stakeholders. Several sectors including the Fine Arts Department, local government agencies and related private organizations have increasingly intense difficulties managing the site because of the variety of interests and understanding of conservation concepts. Conflicts in conservation and organizing development plan for the site have been experienced. This paper thus aims to explore different viewpoints in the understanding and evaluation of architectural value of Phra That Tha Uthen Temple for the different stakeholders through a participatory process. Findings from the research can initiate possible solutions for creating the ground in terms of knowledge of architectural value from stakeholders’s participation. It is expected that this study is another way to create a process to stimulate and suggest an appropriate framework for architectural conservation.

A SUGGESTION TO EVALUATION OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE: BALIKESIR EXAMPLE

Cities that reflect the characteristics of the era they have existed in have identities they possess that are created through social values and environmental data. One of the important factors in the formation of the identities of cities is buildings bearing historical heritage. The preservation and revitalization of these buildings bearing traces of the past is important for ensuring cultural continuity. Aim: These evaluation studies, which are essential in the context of conservation plans, are inevitable phases to determine the principles of the plans. Method: This study is aimed to propose a method for the architectural evaluation phase, which is essential before conservation decisions. The proposed method is based on a gradation system. Center district Balıkesir/Turkey is determined as the area to test this gradation method. Result: It is proposed that this method explains the systematic way for evaluating architectural features belonging to historic sites whose conservation plans are to be prepared. In the study, traditional buildings are evaluated from the point of their exterior and interior architectural characteristics and classified as different value groups: A, B, C and D. This grouping will be advantageous to conservation decisions. Different technical teams may be organized to be responsible for these various value groups. Conclusion: a systematic approach for the determination of specialized teams and required equipment will be achieved. Thus, an accurate determination of required time and cost estimates will be realized.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL MINORITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

The territory of the Republic of Srpska is well-known for a large number of foreign colonies formed after 1878. Foreigners from all over the Austro-Hungarian Empire were settled in the northern parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, today covering the municipalities in the Republic of Srpska. The most dominant group among all national minorities was the Ukrainian. This paper deals with their sacred architecture, which significantly contributes to the image of architecture in the Republic of Srpska. Common properties, the historical context and background ideas are shown, along with selected examples of representative pieces of architecture, followed by a historical and architectural evaluation. Moreover, a note on the number of demolished sacred buildings is given, completing this paper that originally contributes to the historical research and analysis of architecture in this region.