KARAKTERISTIK TEPUNG SORGUM TERMODIFIKASI DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN YEAST INDIGENOUS SORGUM

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the physicochemical characteristics of fermented sorghum flour using indigenous sorghum yeast. The study used a completely randomized factorial design with various fermentation times (24, 48, 72 hours) as the first factor and the concentration of indigenous sorghum yeast starter (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% w/v) as the second factor in three replications. Parameters observed were physicochemical characteristics including starch content, water content, swelling power, water absorption, and bulk density. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P<0.05) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results show that the best-fermented sorghum flour was obtained at 72 hours of fermentation time with a 5% starter. The sorghum flour has a starch content of 74.8%, water content of 10.97%, swelling power of 15.44 g/g, water absorption capacity of 67.58%, and bulk density 0.6 g/ml. Modification by fermentation using indigenous sorghum yeast can improve the physical and chemical properties of sorghum flour. Based on the nutritional content of sorghum flour, it met the quality requirements of Codex Standard 173-1989 in ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents.Keywords:sorghum, modified, yeast indigenous, phisycal and chemical characteristik.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik fisikokimia tepung sorgum hasil fermentasi dengan menggunakan yeast indigenous sorgum. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial dengan lama fermentasi (24, 48, 72 jam) sebagai faktor pertama dan konsentrasi starter yeast indigenous sorgum (2,5%, 5%, 7,5% dan 10%, 12,5% dan 15% b/v) sebagai faktor kedua, menggunakan 3 ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah karakteristik fisikokimia meliputi kadar pati, kadar air, sweeling power, daya serap air dan densitas Kamba. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analisis Ragam (ANOVA) (P<0,05) dan uji lanjut Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tepung sorghum terfermentasi terbaik didapatkan pada perlakuan lama fermentasi 72 jam dengan jumlah starter sebanyak 5%. Karakterisitik tepung sorgum ynag dimiliki adalah kadar pati 74,8%, kadar air 10,97%, swelling power 15,44 g/g, daya serap air 67,58% dan densitas kamba 0,6 g/ml. Modifikasi dengan fermentasi menggunakan yeast indigenous sorgum mampu memperbaiki sifat fisik dan kimia tepung sorgum. Berdasarkan kandungan gizi pada tepung sorgum telah memenuhi syarat mutu Codex Standard 173-1989 pada kadar, abu, protein, lemak, serat kasar dan karbohidrat.Kata kunci: sorgum, modifikasi, yeast indigenous, sifat fisikokimia

Pengaruh Heat Moisture Treatment terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Tepung Beras Merah Termodifikasi

Karakteristik tepung beras merah dapat diperbaiki dengan melakukan modifikasi. Heat moisture treatment (HMT) merupakan metode modifikasi fisik. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi karakteristik tepung termodifikasi HMT adalah suhu, kadar air, dan lama proses. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh suhu dan kadar air terhadap sifat fisikokimia tepung beras merah termodifikasi HMT. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial dengan 2 faktor yaitu suhu HMT (100oC, 110oC, 120oC) dan kadar air HMT (20 persen, 25 persen, 30 persen). Parameter yang diamati yaitu sifat fisik (warna, swelling power, kelarutan, pola kristalinitas, dan morfologi granula), serta kimia (kadar air dan kadar amilosa). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan suhu HMT berpengaruh nyata menurunkan kadar air, tetapi meningkatkan kelarutan dan kadar amilosa. Peningkatan kadar air HMT secara nyata menurunkan nilai lightness, tetapi meningkatkan nilai redness, kadar air, dan amilosa. Tepung beras merah termodifikasi memiliki nilai lightness 72,62–76,27 persen, redness 5,58–6,47, yellowness 9,75-10,61, swelling power 17,41–20,82 persen, dan kelarutan 5,64–10,54 persen. Kadar air tepung beras merah termodifikasi (4,77–10,70 persen) lebih rendah dari tepung beras merah alami (11,17 persen), sedangkan kadar amilosa tepung beras merah termodifikasi (26,04–31,99 persen) lebih tinggi dari tepung beras merah alami (11,27 persen). HMT tidak mengubah kristalinitas (tipe A) dan bentuk granula pati, tetapi menyebabkan sedikit perubahan pada bagian permukaan granula pati.

Determination of the Functional Properties of Varieties of New Rice for Africa (NERICA) relevant to its Processing

Flour from rice can be applicable into several types of food, or be used directly as a food substitute, and this can have an impact on the final quality of the product. This aimed to determine the functional properties of some selected NERICA varieties, namely, FARO 44, FARO 52, FARO 57, FARO 60 and FARO 61. Results obtained showed that the functional properties, such as the water absorption capacity (WAC), swelling power, water solubility index (WSI), bulk density, oil absorption capacity (OAC), and the foaming capacity, ranged from 251.74 to 298.51 (%); 7.42 to 8.41 (g/g); 10.01 to 12.27 (%); 0.92 to 1.00 (%); 0.45 to 1.36 (%); and 7.29 to 11.76 (%) respectively. All recorded samples were significantly difference (p < 0.05). FARO 61 recorded highest point of 298.51 (%), and 1.36 (%), in WAC and OAC respectively. While FARO 57 recorded the highest swelling power of 8.41 (g/g). These determined results of the functional properties of NERICA flour samples, will be useful in determining their suitability in food and other relevant industries because the flour samples showed high quality range of functional properties that makes them favourable for such activities.

Penurunan Kadar Total Oksalat Tepung Talas dan Tepung Belitung asal Bogor, Indonesia Menggunakan Dua Metode Perendaman

Umbi talas (Colocasia esculenta) dan umbi belitung (Xantosoma sigittifolium) memiliki kandungan kristal oksalat. Kristal oksalat dapat menimbulkan sensasi rasa gatal saat dikonsumsi. Penurunan kadar kristal oksalat diharapkan mampu mengurangi rasa gatal yang timbulkan. Umbi talas dan umbi belitung direndam dengan 2 metode, pertama dalam air panas (90oC) dan kedua dalam larutan NaCl (10% b/v) selama 1 jam. Setelah perendaman, dilakukan pengeringan oven suhu 60oC selama 4 jam dan 5 jam kemudian dihaluskan untuk menghasilkan tepung talas dan tepung belitung. Tepung yang dihasilkan dianalisis kadar total oksalat, kadar amilosa serta sifat fisik berupa daya kembang dan daya serap tepung. Kedua perlakuan perendaman dalam air panas suhu 90oC dan larutan NaCl 10% dapat menurunkan kadar total oksalat dan kadar amilosa serta meningkatkan swelling power dan kelarutan pada tepung talas dan tepung belitung. Sedangkan kemampuan daya serap air dan minyak tepung talas dan tepung belitung tidak dipengaruhi secara signifikan. Penurunan kadar oksalat akibat perendaman dalam larutan NaCl 10% lebih efektif dibandingkan perendaman dalam air panas 90oC. Lama waktu pengeringan pada suhu 60oC juga menunjukan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penurunan kadar total oksalat, tepung talas maupun tepung belitung yang dikeringkan selama 5 jam mengalami penurunan kadar oksalat lebih besar dibandingkan pengeringan selama 4 jam.

Modifikasi Pati Aren dengan Crosslinking Agent STPP (Sodium Tri Poly Phospate) dan Penambahan Poli Vinil Alkohol terhadap Karakteristik Bioplastik

Modifikasi pati adalah metode yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kelemahan pati alami diantaranya sifat hidrofilik (ketahanan air yang rendah). Modifikasi pati secara crosslinking dilakukan untuk mendapatkan swelling power rendah, kekuatan regang rendah, dan suhu granula pati untuk pecah lebih rendah. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan modifikasi pati aren secara crosslinking menggunakan STPP (Sodium Tripoly Phospate) dengan prinsip mengganti gugus hidroksil pati dengan gugus fosfat yang berikatan silang. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap dua variabel, yaitu berat PVA (0; 1; 2; 2,5 gram) dan presentase STPP (1%; 3%; 4%; dan 5%) terhadap sifat ketahanan air (uji swelling) dan ketahanan degradasi bioplastik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tiga tahapan kerja yaitu (1)pembuatan modifikasi pati aren; (2)pembuatan bioplastik, dan (3)analisa bioplastik. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa pati aren termodifikasi crosslinking STPP memberikan hasil ketahanan bioplastik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pati aren alami (native starch). Dari berbagai perlakuan sampel, disimpulkan bahwa pati termodifikasi STPP menurunkan nilai swelling (penyerapan) bioplastik, dengan hasil terbaik pada penambahan 5% STPP dan 2 gram PVA sebesar 40%.

Effect of Pretreatment and Drying Methods on the Quality of Anchote (Coccinia abyssinica (Lam.)) Flour

Reduction of postharvest losses through improved technique is studied in this work. Pretreatment and drying, in particular, are important methods for using various tuber-based food items to produce intermediate products that increase economic benefit and availability with a longer shelf life in the production and consumption communities. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pretreatment and drying methods on the proximate composition and physical and functional properties of flour developed from anchote. The treated anchote flour was prepared using hot distilled water for blanching and potassium metabisulphite solution and drying methods (sun, solar, and oven). The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SAS software at P < 0.05 . Accordingly, the untreated and sun-dried anchote had greater moisture content (10.34%) than the chemically treated and oven-dried anchote (8.71%). The samples treated with potassium metabisulphite and the solar-drying methods have higher protein content (4.02%) than the blanched and sun-dried samples (3.14%). Samples treated with blanching and solar drying have lower ash content (3.96%) than samples treated with potassium metabisulphite and dried (4.89%). The highest fiber content was recorded for samples treated with blanching and oven-drying methods, with a rating of 4.71%. Sun-dried samples had an increased fat content (1.14%) compared to blanch with all drying methods (0.72%). The untreated and sun-dried flour had lower carbohydrate content (80.95%) than blanched and oven-dried (83.03%). The potassium-metabisulphite-treated and oven-dried samples rated 2.66% with the highest water absorption value. The blanched and oven-dried samples had the lowest oil absorption capacity of 1.71%, a significantly different value from the highest value of 1.98% for the potassium-metabisulphite-treated and solar-dried samples. Oven-dried samples had higher swelling power than solar- and sun-drying methods. The anchote samples treated by blanching methods and dried in the oven had the highest solubility rating of 43.84% and the lowest value of 38.8% for control and sun-dried samples. The sun-dried anchote flour had the highest dispersibility value, which is significantly different from both the oven-dried and solar-dried versions. Along with that, the untreated samples had significantly lower dispersibility values than the potassium-metabisulphite-treated and blanched flour samples. The proximate values of anchote flour were significantly affected by pretreatment and drying methods. Additionally, the main and interactive effect of pretreatment and drying methods influenced the water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, solubility, and dispersibility significantly. Further research is required to improve flour properties and characterize pasting properties to assess the suitability of the starch for different industrial inputs.

A comparative study of the hydrothermal behavior of four corn flours and their starches in Madagascar

In Madagascar, maize constitutes the third staple food. Traditionally, cereal gruel (made up from rice or maize flour) is the supplementary food for Malagasy children. This work involved a comparative study of the hydrothermal behavior of four maize flours sold on the market and their starches, in order to identify their best use in food systems, especially in infant nutrition. Studies of functional properties such as swelling power, solubility and viscosity were undertaken. At 90°C, the swelling power value range was between 4.81 (g/g) and 8.2 (g/g) for flours and between 6.72 (g/g) and 9.1 (g/g) for their starches. While solubility was 11.8 (%) and 16.4 (%) for flours at the same temperature (90°C), for starches, it was between 12.6 (%) and 22.8 (%). The viscosity peaked at 90°C, ranging from 648 (cP) to 2728 (cP) for flours and from 220 (cP) to 2268 (cP) for starches.

Properties of Ozone-Oxidized Tapioca Starch and its Use in Coating of Fried Peanuts

Oxidation of tapioca via ozone oxidation was carried out under different conditions in comparison with H2O2. The impact of ozonation on physicochemical properties of tapioca was studied and fried peanuts coated with different tapioca were characterized. Different ozone oxidation times (10, 20, and 30 min) and various pH values (5, 7, and 9) were used for tapioca modification. Tapioca oxidized by ozone for 20 min at pH 7 had higher swelling power (SP), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and viscosity than the native counterpart (P < 0.05). This coincided with the higher carbonyl and carboxyl contents (P < 0.05). The highest frying expansion (FE) with the lowest hardness was attained for fried peanut coated with tapioca oxidized under the aforementioned condition. Therefore, oxidation of tapioca using ozone under optimal conditions could be a potential means to improve frying expansion as well as the crispiness of the fried coated peanuts.

Functional Properties of Adlay Flour (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. Ma-yuen) Resulting from Modified Durations of Fermentation Using Rhizopus oligosporus

Adlay is a nutritious grain that has the potential as an alternative food because it has a high protein and fat content of 14.10% and 7.90%, respectively. The use of Adlay as flour still has a weakness, namely the functional properties of Adlay flour such as low swelling power. One way to improve the characteristics of Adlay flour is by fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus. The fermentation duration is the time that allows changes in the characteristics of the flour due to the fermentation. This study aims to determine the effect of differences in fermentation duration using Rhizopus oligosporus on the physical, chemical, and functional characteristics of Adlay flour produced from fermented Adlay seeds. This study used one factor, namely the lengths of fermentation for 0, 12, 24, 30, 36 and 48 hours. The analysis in this study included whiteness, yield, pH, water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, swelling power and solubility, oil holding capacity (OHC) and water holding capacity (WHC). The results have shown that the longer the fermentation duration the lower rate of whiteness, pH, yield, water content, fat content, and carbohydrate content will become, while some functional properties of Adlay flour become better with increasing values of ash content, protein content, swelling power, solubility, Oil Holding Capacity (OHC), and Water Holding Capacity (WHC).

Pengaruh Lama Perkecambahan terhadap Karakteristik Fisik, Kimia dan Fungsional Tepung Kecambah Jagung Pulut (Zea mays ceratina L.)

This study aims to know the effect of time on the germinated waxy corn flour characteristics and to know which time that can produce a germinated waxy corn flour with the best characteristics. This research used a Complete Randomized Design with a different germination time as the treatment, which is 0 hour, 24 hour, 36 hour and 48 hour. The experimentation was repeated 4 times resulting 16 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed using an analysis of variance and if the treatment had a significant effect, it was followed by a Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the effect of time had a very significant effect on total rendement, L’ value (brightness), b’ value (green-yellow), protein content, water absorption capacity, swelling power, solubility of germinated waxy corn flour. This research also resulting a significant effect on moisture content and carbohydrate content, but resulting a non-significant effect on bulk density, a’ value (blue-red), ash content, fat content, crude fiber content and oil absorption capacity. The best characteristic of the flour in this study was the waxy corn flour that has been germinated for 48 hours with 79.44% rendement, 0.50 g/ml bulk density, L’:54.34, a’: 6.90, b’: 22,89 color, 7.15% water content, 1.56% ash content, 6.36% fat content, 9.66% protein content, 82.31% carbohydrates content, 2.39% fiber content, 1.55 ml/g water absorption, 1.81 ml/g oil absorption, 6.70 g/g swelling power, and 51.72% solubility.