The Predictive Five: a Supervised Learning Approach to Personality Psychology

In the current study, we set out to examine the viability of a novel approach to modeling human personality. Research in psychology suggests that people’s personalities can be effectively described using five broad dimensions (the Five-Factor Model; FFM); however, the FFM potentially leaves room for improved predictive accuracy. We propose a novel approach to modeling human personality that is based on the maximization of the model’s predictive accuracy. Unlike the FFM, which performs unsupervised dimensionality reduction, we utilized a supervised machine learning technique for dimensionality reduction of questionnaire data, using numerous psychologically meaningful outcomes as data labels (e.g., intelligence, well-being, sociability). The results showed that our five-dimensional personality summary, which we term the “Predictive Five” (PF), provides predictive performance that is better than the FFM on two independent validation datasets, and on a new set of outcome variables selected by an independent group of psychologists. The approach described herein has the promise of eventually providing an interpretable, low-dimensional personality representation, which is also highly predictive of behavior.

Who’s Getting a Head Start? Mesocephalic Dogs in Still Images Are Attributed More Positively Valenced Emotions Than Dogs of Other Cephalic Index Groups

Assumptions about dogs’ personality are influenced by their appearance, which may lead to differences in ownership styles and subsequent canine welfare. The influence of canine appearance on observers’ emotion attributions to dogs remains largely unexplored. This study investigated whether canine head shape is related to how both dog owners and non-dog owning adults in the U.K. attribute emotions to still images of dogs, and in the case of dog owners, to their own dogs. Attachment, respondent personality and dog trainability were assessed as potential influences on emotional attribution in owners. Overall, 2451 participant responses were received. Still images of mesocephalic dogs were attributed primary and positively valenced emotion with more strength and frequency than other groups. Mesocephalic images were also attributed negatively valenced emotions less frequently and with less strength than other groups. Apart from empathy, no significant differences were found in emotional attribution to owned dogs of different head shapes; however, human personality influenced attribution of emotions to owned dogs. The finding that some dogs are attributed emotions more readily based on their appearance alone has applied importance, given, for example, the potential for misattribution of positive emotions to dogs in negative emotional states, and potential prejudice against dogs considered in negative emotional states.

Enoch Olujide Gbadegesin, Yunusa Kehinde Salami and Kola Abimbola (eds.) Exploring the Ethics of Individualism and Communitarianism. Harvest Day Publications ,2016,365p.

A collection of critical essays on Professor Segun Gbadegesin, one of the most preeminent figures in African philosophy, is by no mean an insignificant feat. This is all the more so because the volume has the objective of achieving a multidisciplinary interrogation of Gbadegesin’s philosophical oeuvre. This is a herculean task because Gbadegesin’s philosophical outputs straddles philosophy of culture, bioethics, social and political philosophy, ethics, and African philosophy. With his African Philosophy: Traditional Yorùbá Philosophy and Contemporary African Realities (1991), Professor Gbadegesin effectively brought deep philosophical insights into significant issues in Africa’s postcolonial malaise. The 16-chapter volume has a sufficiently wide array of significant scholars whose different perspectives provide a wide context within which to situate the brilliant scholarship of Segun Gbadegesin. These chapters all attempted to unravel the core of Gbadegesin’s multifaceted philosophical framework. While some confronted some basic elements of his work, like chapter four (human personality), seven (work), and nine (destiny), other chapters took the thematic concerns of, say, communitarianism and ethics as the springboard for further reflections on corruption, nationalism and nation building, citizenship, religion, personhood, leadership, race, justice, gender and the nature of African philosophy. However, with this distribution of chapters, there is a cogent doubt whether the book actually does critical justice to the imperative of critically engagement with Segun Gbadegesin’s philosophical corpus.

عقيدة التوحيد في القرآن الكريم وأثرها في البناء الإنساني

This study aims to prove the importance of monotheism belief in the Holy Qurʾān as a foundation for the construction of man in general and human personality in all its mental, physical, psychological and spiritual aspects, in specific. It portrays how Islam alone can build “human civilisation” because it is divine guidance from the Creator Himself. In terms of research methodology, the researcher will mainly depend on a descriptive approach and will also rely on an inductive approach to track the texts that prove this belief. Next, these texts will be analysed using the analytical method to obtain the results. This study will find the Qur’anic verses, relevant instructions and sermons to achieve this goal. One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that the Islamic doctrine can build a balanced, integrated structure of the human personality, and this personality will lead to happiness and a balanced perspective – away from racism and intolerance. People having personalities accept and love others regardless of their colour, gender, or race. There is no doubt the positive effects of monotheism and many religious approaches in building human personality. Perhaps the most important effects are tranquillity and contentment with God’s decree. Tranquillity is a dire quality needed by humankind today – tranquillity means a person feels at peace in their heart, soul, and mind, and there is no way despair can seep into his heart.

Keeping the personality in the information societies

The purpose of the paper is to define how the sociopolitical thought of J. Habermas – his theory of communicative action and the concept of deliberative democracy – guarantees the protection and keeping of an independent human personality in modern information societies. In order to solve this problem, the author seeks to determine what is meant by a “personality”. Analyzing this issue, the author distinguishes two different understandings of a personality among J. Habermas’s works: philosophical-personalistic and public-sociological. When integrating these understandings, the author gives an original socio-philosophical definition of a personality, in which the personality retains both individualistic and social traits. It is especially emphasized that for the affirmation of the personality and his/her development, an equal, subject-subject dialogue with Others is necessary. The paper reveals that the development of personality, first of all, is interrelated with the maintenance of a cultural, normative and valuable “life-world”, which is violated by the mechanisms of systematic technocratic regulation in modern times, in a society. The principles of this regulation are justified in a system-functional approach. The advantages of J. Habermas’s approach, capable of ensuring the development of a genuine normative essence of personality, are determined

EVOLUTION OF ALDOUS HUXLEY'S OUTLOOK

The evolution of Aldous Huxley's outlook is considered in terms of cultural studies. The metaanthropological approach traces how the artist's attitude to the human personality and its place in the universe was changing. A comparative analysis of the artist's works from different periods of creative activity shows that along with the evolution of the artist’s outlook, the outlook of his characters was changing. It is shown how the spiritual searches of A. Huxley and his characters developed from the ordinary level of outlook in early novels, through personal one in novels that offer an anti-utopian model of culture, to the philosophical level of outlook in the Island novel. It was found that the outlook of his characters from the early period of the artist's work is limited by the framework of ordinary being and outlook, which leads to the lack of self-confidence, the impossibility to make decisions, the inability to think creatively. In those novels which offer an anti-utopian model of culture the characters' outlook gains the features of independence, critical thinking, creativity, self-knowledge and self-improvement, which means achieving a personal level of both outlook and being. In the Island novel the outlook of A. Huxley’s characters gains the hallmarks of philosophical outlook, which inner integrity, harmony and creative character are typical for. This analysis embraces A. Huxley's early novels from the 1920s and 1930s, philosophical novels offering anti-utopian models of culture, and the last philosophical novel Island.

GAMBARAN PEMAHAMAN TEORI PSIKOANALISIS DAN IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PENDIDIKAN PADA MATA KULIAH KARAKTERISTIK DAN KOMPETENSI USIA DEWASA PADA MAHASISWA BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING FKIP UNTIRTA

One of the important materials for guidance and counseling students to learn in the Adult Age Characteristics and Competencies course is the understanding of personality theory in adulthood. One of the personality theory figures, Sigmund Freud, is the initiator of the Psychoanalytic theory, which is a theory that seeks to explain the nature and development of the human personality. Students who are already in the early adult age category, namely the age of 18 years and over, can also understand more about each other's personality by studying personality theory more deeply. The personality theory expressed by Sigmund Freud is also mandatory for students to study because it has implications for the field of education. Based on this, it is important for students who teach the Characteristics and Competencies of Adult Age courses to know more clearly about the description of personality understanding based on the Psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with a non-test instrument, namely interviews. Interviews were conducted with 5 students at 3rd semester majoring in Guidance and Counseling FKIP Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University

Being Human: Androids, Humans, and Identity in “Red Dwarf”

One of the more popular transhumanist ideas is the belief that technology will allow for the transfer of human personality into a machine or cyborg body. Additionally, some transhumanists believe that this transfer could happen with few to no problems, and that such a transfer would result in a definite improvement of the human species. The episode “DNA” from the humorous British science-fiction television series Red Dwarf presents a story that challenges this idea of the easy transfer of personality. The story of the android who gets his wish to become human allows the writers to invert the common belief in Western thought that being human is inherently better than being an imitation of a human, and that technologically upgrading human bodies will produce “better” humans. By inversion, the program presents the idea that clearer and more ethical thinking is needed regarding technological enhancement, and not the utopian visions of many transhumanists.

New Approach of Measuring Human Personality Traits Using Ontology-Based Model from Social Media Data

Human online activities leave digital traces that provide a perfect opportunity to understand their behavior better. Social media is an excellent place to spark conversations or state opinions. Thus, it generates large-scale textual data. In this paper, we harness those data to support the effort of personality measurement. Our first contribution is to develop the Big Five personality trait-based model to detect human personalities from their textual data in the Indonesian language. The model uses an ontology approach instead of the more famous machine learning model. The former better captures the meaning and intention of phrases and words in the domain of human personality. The legacy and more thorough ways to assess nature are by doing interviews or by giving questionnaires. Still, there are many real-life applications where we need to possess an alternative method, which is cheaper and faster than the legacy methodology to select individuals based on their personality. The second contribution is to support the model implementation by building a personality measurement platform. We use two distinct features for the model: an n-gram sorting algorithm to parse the textual data and a crowdsourcing mechanism that facilitates public involvement contributing to the ontology corpus addition and filtering.