The Concept of War in Ancient Mesopotamia: Reshaping Carl von Clausewitz's Trinity

In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in everyday interaction, the author reworks the well-renowned trinity from the Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. The author argues that Clausewitz’s analysis of war, which relies on the main trinity of the people, the government, and the armed forces, is not applicable to the beginning of human history in Mesopotamia due to the specific circumstances that societies then faced. The main method of inquiry herein will be a textual analysis of Akkadian scriptures that relate to the campaigns of Sargon, the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, and his reign in constituting the first empire of humankind, as well as sources that explain the role of religion in this historical epoch. Although many of Sargon’s groundbreaking military innovations—such as establishing a standing professional army, securing lines of communication and supplies, and fortifying strategic positions—can be analyzed in a purely descriptive way, the focus of this article will be on his constructed relation to the Akkadian pantheon, which had a direct influence on the way warmongering was perceived.

Conclusion

Draw together the book’s key themes, the conclusion highlights how, by the end of the seventeenth century, England’s overseas companies had adapted various models of religious governance to stamp their authority over peoples and faiths across the globe, thereby securing their governmental autonomy. However, as a new century approached, domestic religious and political authorities in England took steps to centralise the role of religion, evangelism and the overseas governance. Consequently, this changed the character of English imperial expansion and the relationship between English corporate governance and religion forever.

Role of Religion in Environmental Sustainability: An Indian Perspective

Environmental trepidations are global issues, environment sustainability is conceivable with the noble motive, which takes real shapes with the insights and perspectives from different religions. In the process of learning and teaching laid down by religion help to expand our understanding and develop our behavior towards nature. Role of religion to shape our attitudes to the natural world is significant, because its domination in human personality is always recognizable. The paper would like to find out different prospect to achieve environment sustainability with the help of imperatives given by Indian religion. This imparts many valuable imperatives which unify nature as an inseparable part of human life and vice versa. Three major religions originating from India were explored in this paper: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The paper tries to show the human affiliation with nature is well expressed in every aspect of Indian religious life.

Will Islamic Water Management Principles Be Included If the Helmand River Treaty Is Revisited?

Despite the importance of water management in Islamic culture, the role of religion has been underemphasized by scholars. Using the three criteria of equity, responsibility and sustainability, this study aims to assess whether Islamic water management principles are incorporated into the revision of the transboundary Helmand River Basin under the administration of the Taliban regime. In August 2021, Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan, with a goal of ruling Afghanistan based on Islamic Sharia law, presumably including the management of the transboundary watercourses. One such basin is the Helmand, shared with the downstream Islamic Republic of Iran, with whom Afghanistan will likely revisit the transboundary Helmand River Treaty, possibly based on Islamic water management principles. We examine how principles of Islamic code may influence future negotiations, including the construction of dams on the upper Helmand River Basin initiated under the former administration.

Religion and International Relations Theory: The Case of “New” Historiography of Human Rights

International relations theory (IRT) often ignores or has difficulty accounting for religion. Thus, the choice of “new” historians of human rights to focus on religious actors in the lead-up to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a noteworthy development. One important finding of this stream of scholarship is the crucial role played by Christian personalists in the cultivation of “human rights” discourse in the 1930s and 1940s. However, new school historiography carries assumptions consistent with IRT liberalism that weaken its analysis of religion in the origins of human rights. Most problematic is its dichotomous framework that pits liberal secularism against reactionary religion, which tends to minimize interpretive possibilities. By contrast, IRT constructivism is attuned to the emergence and socialization of norms as different cultures, religious traditions, and value systems interact. Various actors and social networks create, inter-subjectively, pragmatic consensus from positions of fundamental ideological difference. As such, this paper, following a constructivist impulse, uses the case of new school historiography of human rights to better understand the weakness and the promise of IRT in explaining the role of religion in international relations.

The Relationship between Religion and National Culture in Poland in Light of John Paul II’s Philosophical and Theological Reflections

Many historians and politicians acknowledge that John Paul II, along with other world-leaders of the 1980s brought about the destruction of European Communism. One could also say that connection between religion and culture inspired Poles to refuse co-operation with the Communism. According to Karol Wojtyła it is impossible without Christianity to understand the history of the Polish nation and culture. Being the son of Polish nation which has been condemned to death several times, by its neighbors, but which has survived and kept national identity, Pope John Paul II understood very well the important role of religion and culture. On the basis of his experience Slavic Pope laid out a vision for relationship between Christianity and culture as the ‘priority’ of the civilization of love. He pointed out a number of reasons for this, which will be presented in this article. First, religion does not exist in vacuum, but in a certain context. Second, religion played a decisive role in the construction of States and nations. Third, Christianity is a creator of culture in its very foundation, and deep transformation of culture starts when Christianity and culture are linked together. Fourth, Christianity is incomplete if it is not lived out in a culture. Fifth, Polish culture and society has been deeply animated by religious piety. Sixth, culture provides a medium for dialogue between believers and nonbelievers. Seventh, the goal of the engagement of culture in accordance with Christianity is the creating of a civilization of love, which enables the human being to live freely in the truth. The research aim of this article is to present the strong relationship between Christianity and national culture in Poland, to identify the core of the Polish national culture, the ways Polish culture has been growing and communicating in connection with Roman Catholicism in the light of Pope John Paul II’s teaching.

PERAN AGAMA DALAM MENENTUKAN KEPUTUSAN PERNIKAHAN PADA GENERASI MILLENIAL

This study aims to examine the role of religion in determining marriage decisions among millennials. The shift in values, roles, and interests among the millennial generation is a problem for him in determining marriage decisions. In this study, the authors took data by filling out a questionnaire with open answers and closed answers using a google form. The object of this research is the millennial generation (born 1997-2003), with a total of 87 participants. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method with the approach used in this study being an approach to content analysis. Based on the research that the author conducted, the millennial generation is divided into two groups, namely the group that believes marriage accelerates (26.4%) and the group that believes it does not accelerate marriage (73.6%). The results of filling out the questionnaire as many as 96.6% of the millennial generation think that the role of religion in determining marriage decisions is important. In determining the decision to marry, millennials also pay attention to several other factors that support the decision to undergo marriage, such as economic factors, mental readiness, and age factors. Almost all decisions (95.4%) of millennials also think that marriage can increase piety to God Almighty. Based on the results of the research conducted, the authors can conclude that religion has a very important role in making marriage decisions among the millennial generation. Based on religion, the marriage carried out will get the blessing of Allah SWT and the journey in domestic life will get blessings. The role of religion can also lead humans to goodness and be kept away from all damage and can increase faith and piety to Allah swt. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran agama dalam menentukan keputusan pernikahan di kalangan milenial. Pergeseran nilai, peran, dan kepentingan di kalangan generasi milenial menjadi kendala baginya dalam menentukan keputusan pernikahan. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengambil data dengan cara mengisi kuesioner dengan jawaban terbuka dan jawaban tertutup menggunakan google form. Objek penelitian ini adalah generasi milenial (kelahiran 1997-2003), dengan jumlah peserta 87 orang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan analisis isi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang penulis lakukan, generasi milenial terbagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok yang meyakini mempercepat pernikahan (26,4%) dan kelompok yang meyakini tidak mempercepat pernikahan (73,6%). Hasil pengisian kuesioner sebanyak 96,6% generasi milenial berpendapat bahwa peran agama dalam menentukan keputusan pernikahan itu penting. Dalam menentukan keputusan pernikahan, kaum milenial juga memperhatikan beberapa faktor lain yang mendukung keputusan menjalani pernikahan, seperti faktor ekonomi, kesiapan mental, dan faktor usia. Hampir semua keputusan (95,4%) kaum milenial juga berpendapat bahwa pernikahan dapat meningkatkan ketakwaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, penulis dapat disimpulkan bahwa agama memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam pengambilan keputusan pernikahan di kalangan generasi milenial. Berdasarkan agama, pernikahan yang dilakukan akan mendapatkan ridho Allah SWT dan perjalanan dalam kehidupan rumah tangga akan mendapatkan berkah. Peran agama juga dapat mengantarkan manusia kepada kebaikan dan dijauhkan dari segala kerusakan serta dapat meningkatkan keimanan dan ketakwaan kepada Allah swt.