Effect of Bio-Pesticides on Mortality of Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella L.

Galleria mellonella larvae feed on wax, pollen, honey and damage the combs with in active bee colonies and storage condition. Galleria mellonella larvae can bore tunnel and feed around the midrib base of the wax comb. Larvae produce silk fibers that can trap bee brood cells. Comb is completely covered with webbing and extracted matter of the larvae condition described as “Galleriasis”. The study was carried out at Apiculture Lab of RVSKVV-ZARS-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morena (M.P.) during 2019-20. Different three concentration of bio-pesticides viz., Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (1, 1.5 and 2%), custard apple seed extract (2, 4and 6%) and Neem Oil (1, 2 and 3%) were used against the Galleria mellonella to assess the effect of larval mortality at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treatment. There was no significant effect showed in all the treatments after 24 hours. The maximum mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae was recorded in Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki 2.0 percent concentration (46.67, 87.08 and 96.67%) after 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively and it was at par with custard apple seed extract 6.0 percent concentration (45.83, 85.0 and 93.75%). Neem oil 3.0 percent concentration expressed 38.33, 75.42 and 87.50 percent larval mortality after 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. Whereas minimum mortality was noticed in Neem oil 1.0 percent at 48 hours (22.08%), at 72 hours (37.08%) and at 96 hours (56.25%) among the treatments. The higher concentration of all the three bio-pesticides was proved effectiveness against Galleria mellonella during investigation.

Determination of Fuel Properties of Biodiesel from Sand Apple Seed Oil with Automotive Gas Oil Blend

The objective of this study was to determine the fuel properties of Sand Apple Ethyl Ester (SAEE) and its blends with Automotive Gas Oil (AGO).using eggshell as catalyst. Sand apple seed oil (SASO) obtained was characterized based on America Society for Testing and Material (ASTM D6751) to determine acid value, saponification, iodine content, density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud point and pour point. Sand Apple fruits were processed and oil extracted using solvent extraction method. Raw eggshells were calcined at 800oC for 120 min in the muffle furnace. SAEE was blended with AGO at 5 – 25 % mix. Data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA at P < 0.05 significant level. Cloud and pour points obtained for SASO are 4.68 and 3.09℃ . Flash point was 103℃ which fell within ASTM D93 range indicating that SASO is safe for handling and storage. Heating value was 42.61 MJ/kg, slightly lower than that of diesel oil of 44.8 MJ/kg shows that AGO has ability to produce heat of combustion than SASO. Iodine value was 80.71 g I/100g while acid value was determined to be 2.62 mgKOH/g, which was higher than that of ASTM D6751 of 0.5 mgKOH/g. Sulphur contents for AGO and SASO–AGO blends were 0.006, 0.009, 0.014, 0.016 and 0.004%, respectively. Low sulphur values indicates that hazardous sulphur dioxide emission of SAEE has reduced. This study established that all the properties obtained, except acid value, fell within the ASTM specification and could suitably be compared with those of fossil diesel.

KEEFEKTIFAN DOSIS TEPUNG BIJI SRIKAYA (Annona squamosa L.) DALAM MENGENDALIKAN HAMA BUBUK KEDELAI (Callosobruchus analis F.) DI PENYIMPANAN

Soybean is an important food crop in Indonesia, which contains a lot of protein and is useful as an industrial ingredient and animal feed. Callosobruchus analis F. is a pest that causes a decrease in soybean production in storage. The suggestion recommended is to use plant based insecticides by using custard apple seed (Annona squamosa L.). This research aims to obtain a dose of custard apple seed flour (Annona squamosa) that is effective in controlling soy pest Callosobruchus analis in stored soybean seeds. The research was conducted at the Plant Pest Laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, from July to October 2019. The study was carried out using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The dose treatment of custard apple seed flour was given to each experimental unit was 0 g.100 g-1 soybean seeds, 2 g.100 g-1 soybean seeds, 4 g.100 g-1 soybean seeds, 6 g.100 g-1 soybean seed, 8 g.100 g-1 soybean seed and 10 g.100 g-1 soybean seed. The results showed that the provision of custard apple seed flour at a dose of 4 g.100 g-1 of soybean seeds was effective in killing C. analis pests. This could cause a total mortality of 80% with early death of 14.50 hours after application and LT50 34.00 hours after application with an individual increase of 19.25 C. analis pests with a percentage of weight depreciation of soybean seeds of 1.93%.

Comparative study of apple plantations on seed and clonal stocks in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

In recent years, Russian gardeners have become interested in apple seed stocks, since they are indispensable for growing planting material of the highest quality categories for the purpose of setting up mother-cuttings, nurseries of clonal stocks and intensive orchards intended for obtaining organic products. The advantage of apple seed stocks is not only in a powerful root system and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, but also in the absence of a harmful viral infection from which almost all clonal stocks in Russia suffer. The opinion that trees are more vigorous on seed stocks, and orchards later enter in the fruiting period is erroneous, since there are developed technologies that make it possible the establishment of intensive apple tree plantations that enter the fruiting period 2 years after grafting. Among the apple clonal stocks, the intensively propagated form 54-118 is characterized by good anchoring and winter hardiness. Due to the lack of scientific data on the comparative study of seed and clonal stocks in the context of scion/stock combinations, we have begun a long-term study in order to identify the most promising of them in terms of early fruitfulness and high productivity. Long-term studies were carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery from 2000 to 2020. The analysis of the results of the tests carried out shows that all the plantings on stocks 54-118 and 64-143 turned out to be early fruitfulness, and the stocks were suitable for intensive gardening, since the varieties grafted on them have a restrained growth force and a compact crown. The smallest height from 1.9 to 2.8 m was noted in trees on the 54-118 stock, on the 64-143 stock this parameter, depending on the variety, varied from 3.2 to 3.8 m. The largest crown diameter (over 3.0 m) and the largest projection area of the crown had plantings of all varieties on the seed stock of Purple Ranetka. The yield of apple tree plantations on stock 54-118 varied from 10.4 (Serebryanoe Kopitce variety) to 14.1 t/ha (Chudnoe variety), and revenue from the sale of products from 1 ha ranged from 263.1 to 356.7 thousand rubles. The highest profitability on clonal stock 54-118 was distinguished by perennial plantations of the Chudnoe variety (83.8 %). On stock 64-143, the yield of plantings varied from 10.2 t / ha (Serebryanoe Kopitce variety) to 13.5 t / ha (Chudnoe variety), the proceeds from the sale of products per hectare also varied from 258.1 thousand rubles. up to 341.5 thousand rubles. The highest profitability of production was noted in the plantations on the stock 64-143 of the variety Mechtatelnitsa (82.2 %). The average yield of apple varieties grafted on the seed stock of Purple Ranetka ranged from 8.2 (variety Letnee Polosatoe (K) to 9.3 t / ha (variety Serebryanoe Kopitce); high profitability of production was distinguished by plantings of the variety Mechtatelnitsa on ranetka purpurovaya (16.3 %).

The Effect Of Bioinsecticide Granule Mixture Of Sugar Apple Seed (Annonae Squamosa) And Betel Leaf (Piper Betle) On Morphology Of Eggs Aedes Aegypti

Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an important public health problem in Indonesia because its morbidity and mortality are quite high. Prevention by vector control methods with chemical insecticides adversely affects the environment. Research on granular bioinsectide mixture of betel leaf extract and sugar apple seeds against Aedes aegypti is expected to be used to break the chain of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes starting from the juvenile stage (eggs) as an effort to control the vector population naturally. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of granule bioinsecticide mixture of sugar apple seed extract and betel leaf on changes in the morphology of Aedes aegypti eggs. Methods: This study is a true-experimental study with a Post test Only Control Group Design design. The treatment group will be given a granular bioinsecticide, a mixture of sugar apple seed extract and betel leaf, positive control will be given abate while negative control will be given aquades. Each group uses 25 eggs with 3 repetitions. On day 3, all eggs will be observed using a stereo microscope to determine morphological changes. The data obtained will be analyzed using ordinal regression test. Results: the ordinal regression test got the value of ρ in the Wald test between (0.012 - 0.955)> α = 0.01. Conclusion: there is no effect of mixed granules of betel leaf and sugar apple seeds on the mortality of Aedes aegypti eggs. Further research is needed on new formulations using other natural ingredients to increase the effect of ovicides on Aedes aegypti.

Circular economy in apple processing industry: Biodiesel production from waste apple seeds

Apple pomace is a solid waste derived from the apple processing industry. To foster sustainability, the apple processing industry must implement the circular economy model of biorefinery and treat apple pomace as a valuable source of apple seed oil. The first time, this study dealt with the design, economic, and potential environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production using apple pomace as a source of apple seed oil. An Aspen Plus? and WAR? software were used to evaluate the designed biodiesel production. Supercritical CO2 extraction and methanolysis of apple seed oil, methanol recovery, and biodiesel separation were the main production steps. The production facility was assumed to process 24 tons of apple seeds daily. The total capital and production costs were 1.26 US$ million and 2.82 US$ million, respectively. If revenues from selling apple seed meal as cattle feed were included, a biodiesel price could be 0.39 US$/kg. The process was environmentally friendly when apple seed meal was not treated as waste.