INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF AN INTERMEDIATE HINGE SUPPORT IN THE PROBLEM OF BENDING OF AN ELASTICALLY RESTRAINED ORTHOTROPIC BEAM

In this paper, based on the refined theory of orthotropic plates of variable thickness, a system of differential equations is obtained for solving the problem of bending of an elastically restrained beam with an intermediate condition. The beam thickness is constant and is subject to a uniformly distributed load. The effects of transverse shear are also taken into account. Passing to dimensionless quantities, an analytical closed solution is obtained. The question of the influence of changing the place of application of the intermediate condition on the solution is discussed. Depending on the location of the hinge bearing, the question of optimality was posed and resolved according to the principle of minimum maximum deflection. The results are presented in both tabular and graphical form. Based on the results obtained, appropriate conclusions are drawn.

A STUDY OF TRUTH PREDICATES IN MATRIX SEMANTICS

Abstract algebraic logic is a theory that provides general tools for the algebraic study of arbitrary propositional logics. According to this theory, every logic ${\cal L}$ is associated with a matrix semantics $Mo{d^{\rm{*}}}{\cal L}$. This article is a contribution to the systematic study of the so-called truth sets of the matrices in $Mo{d^{\rm{*}}}{\cal L}$. In particular, we show that the fact that the truth sets of $Mo{d^{\rm{*}}}{\cal L}$ can be defined by means of equations with universally quantified parameters is captured by an order-theoretic property of the Leibniz operator restricted to deductive filters of ${\cal L}$. This result was previously known for equational definability without parameters. Similarly, it was known that the truth sets of $Mo{d^{\rm{*}}}{\cal L}$ are implicitly definable if and only if the Leibniz operator is injective on deductive filters of ${\cal L}$ over every algebra. However, it was an open problem whether the injectivity of the Leibniz operator transfers from the theories of ${\cal L}$ to its deductive filters over arbitrary algebras. We show that this is the case for logics expressed in a countable language, and that it need not be true in general. Finally we consider an intermediate condition on the truth sets in $Mo{d^{\rm{*}}}{\cal L}$ that corresponds to the order-reflection of the Leibniz operator.

Biometrics of hoof balance in equids

ABSTRACT Differences in hoof balance between horses, mules and donkeys were identified in order to form more specific considerations for proper management of the animals. Measurements of the natural dimensions of hooves in sixty animals were used: 20 horses from the Crioulo breed, 20 mules and 20 donkeys from the Pêga breed. Liveweight was estimated using the correlation equations in each species by heart girth. Using a caliper rule, tape measure and hoof gauge, measurements of the length and width of the frog, hoof height, angle of heel, medial and lateral dorsal length, angle of the toe and crown circumference of the hooves of forelimbs and hindlimb were taken. Within each group the hooves of the hindlimbs exhibited narrower measurements than the hooves of the forelimbs and no difference was observed between the hoof angle of both members of groups. The conformation of the hooves of donkeys is shown to be substantially different from that observed in horses, the mules being in an intermediate condition, being smaller, angled and robust frog and proportionally more developed. Similarly, the hooves of donkeys provide greater support area compared to mules and horses, in descending order, even being dimensionally smaller. We conclude that the hooves of horses, mules and donkeys, have specific patterns of geometric balance that must be taken into consideration at the time of trimming and imbalance inferences.

The Plagiarist's Craft: Fugitivity and Theatricality in Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom

After showing that nine percent of William Craft's Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom is plagiarized in ways that strongly resemble the ways in which William Wells Brown typically plagiarized, I argue that Brown wrote the narrative in tandem with Craft. Recognizing that possibility encourages us to pay closer attention to the formal aspects of Running, whose abrupt tonal shifts and frequent comic digressions make it one of the most peculiar of the major African American slave narratives. Just as Running prolongs, to an extraordinary degree, the intermediate condition of its fugitive protagonists, so does it hold open, by means of its highly theatrical interludes, the prospect of another future, another stage on which black and white Americans might encounter one another.

Retention with Massed versus Distributed Practice on a Human Performance Mini-Battery

This study examined the effects of schedules of practice on human performance tests. Grammatical Reasoning, Code Substitution, Pattern Comparison, Aiming, and Spoke Tests were administered to 20 young U.S. Navy enlisted men under conditions of massed or distributed practice during acquisition, and under a common intermediate condition in retention. In general the effect of distribution of practice was not very strong. The easier tests were unaffected by deviations in practice schedules, but the more complex Grammatical Reasoning and fatiguing Spoke test were disrupted by massing.

Evolution in the Annelida

The aquatic Oligochaeta as well as the earthworms can be derived from ancestors closely resembling living Haplotaxidae. Four of the five required intermediate forms are represented by living haplotaxid species. The polychaetes are also thought to be derived from simple earthworm-like forms. These concepts are in accord with recent locomotor theory separating the evolution of the coelom and segmentation as a two-step process related to sustained burrowing activity, as opposed to the earlier complex of theories involving the simultaneous evolution of coelom and segmentation. Unsegmented coelomates are seen as representatives of an intermediate condition between acoelomates and segmented coelomates instead of problem phyla derived by degeneration of segmented ancestors.

Retinomotor Cycles and Correlated Behavior in the Teleost Astyanax mexicanus (Fillipi)

Dark-adapted Astyanax exposed to light at 5 ft-c schooled in about 15 sec during the day, but only after a lapse of about 6 min at night. This behavioral rhythm was closely synchronized with the natural diel cycle and was correlated with a retinomotor rhythm. At night the retina was histologically dark-adapted. During the day it was in an intermediate condition with the rods and cones, on the average, near their light-adapted positions. The pigment was in part concentrated near the basal cell layer as in the dark-adapted retina. The remainder was extended as in the light-adapted retina but did not form a dense light-occluding band proximal to the rod ellipsoids.