Growth of Bacillus toyonensis in Tofu Wastewater

Bacillus toyonensis has been isolated in Dumai mangrove ecosystem of Riau Province. One of factors affecting the growth of the bacteria is growth substrate. Tofu wastewater is rich in nutrition which can be used as substrate for bacterial growth. This research aimed to observe the growth of B. toyonensis in different concentration of tofu wastewater. The bacteria was grown in tofu wastewater at concentrations 8%, 10% and 12% was supplemented with 0.1 g K2HPO4, 0.15 g KH2PO4, 0.15 g NaCl and 0.5 g vitamin B12 in 100 mL distilled water. The bacterial growth was observed by using spectrophotometer at λ 610 nm and by analysis the total plate counts on plate count agar (PCA) at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour cultivation. Spectrophotometric observation showed that the highest bacterial growth of all tofu wastewater treatments indicated by the addition of 12% tofu wastewater, although the absorbance value was lower than culture in tryptic soy broth (TSB) as control. Exponential growth occurred between 0-24 hour incubation, and the highest growth indicated in substrate contained 12% tofu wastewater. Similarly, total plate count (TPC) analysis indicated that the highest bacterial growth of all treatment occurred at 24 hours incubation, and the highest count was also indicated by treatment of 12% tofu wastewater (2.42±0.06×108 CFU/mL). In conclusion, tofu wastewater can be an alternative substrate for the bacterial growth.

INVESTIGAÇÃO MICROBIOLÓGICA EM REVESTIMENTOS DE ARGAMASSA PRODUZIDOS COM ÁGUA CINZA

A busca de fontes alternativas de água na área de construção civil tornou-se uma conduta imperativa, no sentido de promover a sustentabilidade, principalmente em regiões semiáridas, onde a água é escassa. Assim, este estudo analisou os possíveis contaminantes presentes em argamassas preparadas com água de poço (AP), água cinza (AC) e água potável (AR). Para tal, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas a partir da inoculação em PLATE COUNT AGAR e m-ENDO AGAR LES, incubadas a 30°C. Observou-se colônias bacterianas em todas as amostras, indicando que a contaminação não é específica da AC, além da inexistência de coliformes. Sugerindo a viabilidade do reuso de água cinza para a produção de argamassas.

Microbiological and formaline test on the big eye tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe, 1839) from fish auction place (TPI) and moving fish trader (PIK) in Panimbang Pandeglang Village Banten

Big Eye Tuna (Thunnus obesus Lowe, 1839) is one of the fish species that can increase sources of animal protein and has high economic value in the world of trade because it is the second-largest export commodity after shrimp. The purpose of this study was to test the content of microbial and formalin contamination in the flesh of T. obesus fish from the Fish Auction Place (TPI) and Mobile Fish Trader (PIK) in Panimbang Village, Pandeglang, Banten. The research was carried out at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) Testing and Application of Quality of Fishery Products, Department of Marine Affairs, and Fisheries of Banten Province. This research is a descriptive laboratory study with purposive sampling. Twelve samples of T. obesus fish obtained from TPI (6 fishes) and PIK (6 fishes) were taken for 25 g of meat. The tested for microbial contamination content with Total Plate Count (TPC) using Butterfield's phosphate (BFP) media, and Plate Count Agar (PCA), Coliform-Test, and E. coli-Test using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB). Brilliant Green Lactose Bile (BGLB), EC Broth and Levine's Eosin Methylene Blue (LEMB), and Formaldehyde-Test using Formaldehyde-Test Kits. The results showed that the flesh of T. obesus fish contained microbial contamination with the average values ​​of TPC, Coliform MPN, and E. coli MPN, respectively, namely 1.6 103 colony/g, 15.2 MPN/g and < 3 MPN/g ( TPI), and 1,7103 colony/g, 61.3 MPN/g and < 3 MPN/g (PIK). Therefore, fish in TPI and PIK are safe for consumption as stipulated in SNI.

The Optimum Duration of Flushing Dental Unit Waterlines for Microbial Removal

This study aims to evaluate the optimum duration of flushing dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) dental polyclinics for removal of heterotrophic bacteria. Water samples were obtained from triple air syringes at each dental chair from oral surgery clinic, outpatient clinic and polyclinic 17 at Faculty of Dentistry, USIM after 16 and 64 hours of not operating the dental units as baseline samples. This is followed by sampling after continuous flushing at 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes of flushing duration. The levels of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) for each flushing duration were determined by quantification of colony forming units (CFUs) after cultivation of samples on plate count agar (PCA), R2A agar and 5% sheep blood agar (SBA). Statistically, there was no significant reduction in CFUs of HPC for all flushing duration compared to baseline (P > 0.05) with the most notable HPC reducing level after 1 minute and 3 minutes of flushing DUWLs. However, HPC level at USIM dental clinics is still exceeding the recommendation by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) which should be less than 500 CFU/mL. The existing method of controlling DUWLs contamination in USIM dental clinics is only by flushing DUWLs 1 minute every morning prior to dental treatment as recommended by Malaysian Dental Council (MDC) without the use of chemical germicides. Thus, the flushing method alone is not reliable to reduce the number of microorganisms in the DUWLs.

Assessment of Pathogenic Contamination and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Herbal Medicinal Remedies in Mbarara City, South Western Uganda

Background: Herbal formulations in Mbarara have been used in the treatment and management of several disease conditions extensively overtime due to low cost compared to empirical synthetic medicine, however evidenced that they can be contaminated with dangerous pathogenic organisms which are all tailored to handling practices, storage, and other environmental conditions thus, the need to further asses these herbs for safety to the consumers.Materials and methods: Forty-five (45) liquid herbal formulations for the treatment and management of communicable infections were purchased on the open market. All Samples were cultured on plate count agar for colony counts and then subcultured on different laboratory media and then analyzed for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method.Results: Out of the 45 herbal formulations, 32(71.1 %) were contaminated while 13 (28.9 %) were not. Out of the organisms isolated from individual formulations, 19 (59.4 %) had Bacillus subtillis and S. aureus, 4(12.5%) had C. freundi and Proteus mirabilis, 2(6.3%), C.divergens, 1(3.1 %) Rhodotorula, 5(15.6%) Aspergillus spp, had E. cloace. 1 (3.1%) had Klebsiella spp. Of these, 29(87.9%) had contaminants within acceptable limits of less than 103CFU/mL, while 12(36.4%) beyond 103 CFU/m. Out of the 45 formulations, not even one could qualify for pharmaceutical use, all MICs all were >1000mcg/mL64.4%) were active while 16(35.6%) had no activity.Conclusion: Herbal formulations in Mbarara are contaminated with various microbes and have very limited antimicrobial activity, herbalists therefore should be trained on good harvesting, safe handling, storage, and good manufacturing practices of these medicinal raw materials and their products, responsible authorities should enact policies and regulations to guide the herbalists and protect the public from adverse effects of consuming these unverified herbal medicinal remedies.

Analisis Bakteri E. Coli Minuman Es Dawet di Kabupaten Kudus

The coverage of drinking water quality inspection in Central Java has only reached 82.1%. One type of drinking water that is often consumed by the public is dawet ice. Dawet ice can be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Escherichia coli (E. coli). Contamination can occur through water used to process coconut milk or from water used to make ice. In addition, contamination can occur during the processing or distribution process of dawet ice with. This study aims to determine the presence of E. coli bacteria in dawet ice drinks. This type of research uses quantitative descriptive analysis instrument with the Plate Count Agar (PCA) method. Samples taken amounted to 30 samples in the area of Kudus Regency. The results showed that the presence of E. coli bacteria in dawet ice samples sold in Kudus Regency. There are still many dawet ice in Kudus Regency which contain E.coli bacteria, namely 83.4%. This is because respondents do not pay attention to personal hygiene and sanitation

POTENSI INFUSA DAUN NANGKA SEBAGAI OBAT KUMUR HERBAL

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji potensi daun nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) sebagai obat kumur herbal dengan melihat jumlah pertumbuhan koloni bakteri rongga mulut sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan infusa daun nangka. Daun nangka berwarna hijau muda yang diperoleh dari Babadan, Banguntapan, Bantul dibuat simplisia. Penentuan potensi dilakukan dengan menentukan perbedaan jumlah pertumbuhan koloni bakteri rongga mulut sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan infusa daun nangka. Uji potensi infusa daun nangka sebagai obat kumur dilakukan dengan menghitung perbedaan jumlah koloni bakteri rongga yang diperoleh dengan melakukan swab pada pangkal lidah sebelum dan sesudah berkumur. Perhitungan koloni bakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode hitung cawan (total plate count) pada media plate count agar (PCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata jumlah koloni bakteri sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan infusa daun nangka yaitu 1,78 x 107 CFU/mL dan 7,71 x 106 CFU/mL. Perlakuan pemberian obat kumur infusa daun nangka secara signifikan mampu menurunkan jumlah koloni bakteri rongga mulut. Infusa daun nangka berpotensi sebagai alternatif obat kumur herbal. THE POTENCY OF JACKFRUIT LEAF INFUSION AS A HERBAL MOUTHWASHThis study was conducted to examine the potential of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves as a herbal mouthwash by identifying the growth of bacterial colonies in the oral cavity before and after gargling with jackfruit leaf infusion. The light green jackfruit leaves obtained from Babadan, Banguntapan, Bantul were made simplicia. The determination of potency was done by determining the difference in the number of bacterial colony growth in the oral cavity before and after gargling with jackfruit leaf infusion. The potential test of jackfruit leaf infusion as a mouthwash was carried out by calculating the difference in the number of cavity bacterial colonies obtained by swab at the base of the tongue before and after gargling. Bacterial colonies were counted using the total plate count method on plate count agar (PCA) media. The results showed that the average number of bacterial colonies before and after rinsing with jackfruit leaf infusion was 1.78 x 107 CFU/mL and 7.71 x 106 CFU/mL. The treatment of giving jackfruit leaf infusion mouthwash was significantly able to reduce the number of bacterial colonies in the oral cavity. Jackfruit leaf infusion has the potential as an alternative to herbal mouthwash.

Uji Angka Lempeng Total dan Kontaminan Koliform pada Susu Kedelai Bermerek yang Beredar di Kota Denpasar

This research aimed to testing total plate count and coliform contaminant on legal product soy milk sold in Denpasar city is qualified to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and safe to consumption. Soy milk has high nutrition and good for growth microorganisms. Microorganisms in soy milk is good for health but be worried have a dangerous microorganisms. Samples of soy milk based on purposive method, tested with total plate count agar with pour plate method and contaminant coliform with most probable number method. The result of testing total plate count, all samples is under maximum of SNI 5 × 104CFU/g. After that soy milk sample testing of coliform contaminant, the result is all samples has negative coliform contaminant. Conclusion of the research is all of the legal product soy milk sold in Denpasar qualified to SNI No. 01-3830-1995 and safe to consumption. Keyword: coliform, Denpasar city, Indonesian national standard, soy milk, total plate count.

A TOTAL BACTERIA PLATE COUNT IN BEEF WHICH WILL BE MARKETED OUT OFF BALI

Pengujian Angka Lempeng Total Bakteri (ALTB) adalah salah satu jenis uji awal dalam mengidentifikasi jumlah mikrob secara umum pada daging. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ALTB pada daging sapibaliyang akan dipasarkan keluar Bali. Sampel berupa daging sapi berjumlah 20, berasal dari empat perusahaan daging sapi di Bali yang akan mengirim daging sapi keluar pulau Bali melalui Balai Karantina Pertanian Kelas 1 Denpasar. Pengujian dilakukan dengan memasukkan 1 mL inokulum sampel yang telah diencerkan kedalam cawan petri, kemudian ke dalam cawan tersebut dituangkan Plate Count Agar(PCA) sampai media padat, diinkubasi dan dilakukan perhitungan bakteri yang tumbuh. Cawan Petri yang mengandung jumlah koloni 25 sampai dengan 250 dipilih untuk penghitungan koloni. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rerata jumlah koloni bakteri dari pemeriksaan ALTB pada perusahaan A adalah 42,76 x 103(CFU/g), perusahaan B adalah 7,9 x 103(CFU/g), perusahaan C adalah 30 x 103(CFU/g), dan perusahaan D adalah 35,7 x 103(CFU/g). Semua hasil yang didapat dari setiap perusahaan memiliki jumlah koloni yang berada di bawah standar SNI dan layak untuk dipasarkan dan dikonsumsi.

Microbial Quality of Sliced Pawpaw (Carica papaya) and Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Sold on Some Streets of Accra Metropolis, Ghana

In most African countries, street vending of fruits is prevalent and the likelihood of predisposing consumers to microbial contamination is very high. This study aimed to determine various bacteria and risk factors that are associated with fruits sold by street vendors in Accra. Sliced watermelons and pawpaws were randomly purchased from selected suburbs in Greater Accra Region of Ghana. One gram (1 g) of each watermelon and pawpaw was homogenized in 9 ml of sterile peptone water, and 0.1 ml from each serial dilutions of each fruit was spread on plate count agar, blood agar, and MacConkey agar plates for total aerobic counts and coliform counts. Agar plates were incubated at 33–37°C for 18–24 h. Bacterial identification was done by standard bacteriological methods. Additionally, questionnaires were administered to the vendors to gather data on food hygiene and knowledge on foodborne illness. The study revealed that although some of the fruit vendors were educated on food hygiene, most sold fruits were contaminated with mean total aerobic plate counts of 2.6 × 105–8.1 × 105 CFU g−1 and 3.7 × 104–7.1 × 104 CFU g−1 for watermelon and pawpaw. The mean coliform counts for pawpaw and watermelon ranged between 1.2 × 103–8.1 × 103 CFU g−1 and 1.6 × 104–3.1 × 104 CFU g−1, respectively. Overall, mean aerobic counts and mean coliform counts were not significantly different among vendors in selected locations p > 0.05 . However, predominant bacteria isolated included Enterobacter species (33.3%), Citrobacter sp. (20.0%), and Klebsiella sp. (15.9%). The study revealed that watermelon and pawpaw sold on the streets in Accra could be possible source of foodborne illness. Therefore, street food vendors must be educated on food hygiene protocols and measures to improve microbial quality of street vended fruits.