The Effect of Sex, Sport Participation, and Concussion History on Baseline Concussion Balance Test Performance in Division-I Collegiate Athletes

ObjectiveExplore the effect of baseline characteristics such as sex, sport, and concussion history on the Concussion Balance Test (COBALT) performance in collegiate athletes.BackgroundThe COBALT is a recently developed clinical balance assessment specifically for athletic populations following concussion. The task conditions of the COBALT are designed to challenge sensory integration and reweighting processing underlying postural control. It has been documented that balance performance is influenced by factors such as sex and sport in collegiate athletes.Design/MethodsOne-hundred twenty seven collegiate athletes (77 male, 50 female; age: 19.81 ± 1.39; height: 68.77 ± 5.57 in; mass: 80.98 ± 26.15 kg), who participated in Division-I football, soccer, or cheerleading were included. Participants completed the 4 baseline conditions (Condition 3, 4, 7, 8) of the COBALT. Condition 3 (C3) included a side-to-side headshake with eyes closed. For Condition 4 (C4) the participant stood with hands clasped, elbows extended, and thumbs up while rotating their trunk side-to-side, visually focusing on their thumbs. Conditions 7 (C7) and 8 (C8) repeated C3 and C4 on a foam surface. Two 20-second trials of each condition were completed on a forceplate and the mean angular sway velocity (°/s) were calculated and number of errors were counted. ANOVAs and ANCOVAs were used to assess the potential effects on COBALT performance.ResultsThere were no significant differences in postural sway for any COBALT condition based on sex (p > 0.05). Females demonstrated more errors than males on C7 (p < 0.001). Cheerleaders had more balance errors compared to football athletes for C3 and C7 (p < 0.05) and soccer athletes for C7 (p < 0.05). Concussion history did not have an effect on COBALT performance (p > 0.05).ConclusionsUnderstanding factors that may influence COBALT performance at baseline may enhance concussion evaluation in collegiate athletes with suspected balance deficits following concussion. While concussion history had no effect, sex and sports participation may influence performance and should be considered when interpreting COBALT results post-concussion.

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Comparing High School Sport Specialization Trends Between Division I and Club Collegiate Athletes

Background: Adolescent athletes report that sports specialization improves their ability to receive a collegiate athletics scholarship, though this is not well-understood. The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported trends in high school specialization and influences for sport participation between Division I (D-I) and college-aged club (club) athletes. Hypothesis: There would be no difference in high school sport specialization or sport participation influences between D-I and club athletes. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A survey included specialization classification (low, moderate, and high) for 9th to 12th grade, age that the athlete started organized sport and his or her collegiate sport, and several influential factors for participation in one’s primary high school sport (1 = no influence to 5 = extremely influential). Chi-square analyses were used to compare specialization classifications between groups. Nonparametric tests were used to determine significant differences in age-related variables and influential factors between D-I and club athletes. All analysis were also conducted with boys and girls separately. Results: Participants included 266 D-I (girls, 155; 58%) and 180 club (girls, 122; 68%) athletes. Club athletes were more likely to be classified as low specialization at every grade in high school, and this difference was more pronounced between D-I and club female athletes than male athletes. The number of years an athlete was classified as highly specialized in high school was not different between D-I and club athletes. Club athletes were more influenced by playing with friends than D-I athletes and D-I athletes were more influenced by pursuing a collegiate scholarship than club athletes. Conclusion: High levels of specialization in high school sport may not be necessary for playing at the collegiate level, though some level of specialization in high school might be necessary. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should advocate for healthy long-term athlete development, which does not support high specialization in high school sports.

“The Competitive Season and Off-Season”: Preliminary Research concerning the Sport-Specific Performance, Stress, and Sleep in Elite Male Adolescent Basketball Athletes

Background: Through scholastic sports programs, adolescent athletes compete to represent their communities. However, few studies investigate the changes in physiological and mental profiles during varied sport periodization among this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the changes in sports performance and stress-related biomarkers between the competitive season (CS) and off-season (OS) in elite adolescent basketball players. Method: Nine elite Division I male basketball players (age: 15–18 years. old) participated in this study. Basketball-specific performance, salivary dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)/cortisol levels, mood state, and sleep quality were all accessed during the CS and OS periods. Results: The training load during OS was 26.0% lower than CS (p = 0.001). Muscle mass, aerobic capacity, 10 m sprint, and Abalakov jump (AJ) power during OS were greater than that during CS (+2.2–9.8%, p < 0.05), but planned agility was greater during CS (p = 0.003). The salivary DHEA-S/cortisol was greater during CS than during OS (p = 0.039). The overall mood state and sleep quality did not differ between periods, but the POMS-tension was higher during CS (p = 0.005). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that muscle mass, aerobic capacity, peak AJ power, and 10 m sprint performance, but not planned agility, were greater during OS compared to CS among elite adolescent basketball players. Furthermore, the stress-related responses reflected by the D/C ratio and mood tension were relatively lower during the OS in these athletes. Thus, this study suggests that coaches and sport science professionals should closely monitor athletes’ training states across varied training/competition periods to better react to modifying training or recovery plans.

Evaluation of possible reasons for asymmetries associated with Class II subdivision, Class II division 1 and normal malocclusion

: To evaluate and compare the asymmetries in subjects with two malocclusions that is Class II subdivision, Class II div 1 and normal occlusion.: 90 subjects ranging from 15 to 30 years divided into 3 groups A, B, C. Group A – Class II subdivision, Group B – Class II division I, Group C – Normal Class I occlusion. Angular, linear paired, linear unpaired measurements were calculated based on the Van De Coppell analysis using PA views.: Asymmetry was found in all the three groups where Group A patients showed greater degree of asymmetry near maxillary buttress and piriform aperture areas compared to the three groups. Group C patients showed greater degree of asymmetry in the occlusal plane angle. All the three malocclusions that is Class II div 1 Subdivision, Class II div 1 and Class I malocclusions showed equal amounts of asymmetry. Class II subdivision patients showed greater asymmetry near maxillary buttress area and piriform aperture. Class I malocclusion showed deviation in occlusal plane angle. Along with the lower third involving mandible, maxillary area also can equally show asymmetry in both skeletal and dental parameters.

Contextual Variation in External and Internal Workloads across the Competitive Season of a Collegiate Women’s Soccer Team

As sports technology has continued to develop, monitoring athlete workloads, performance, and recovery has demonstrated boundless benefits for athlete and team success. Specifically, technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) and heart rate (HR) monitors have granted the opportunity to delve deeper into performance contributors, and how variations may exist based upon context. A team of NCAA Division I women’s soccer athletes were monitored during games throughout one competitive season. Individual athlete, positional groups, and team external and internal workloads were explored for differences based upon game location, opponent ranking, game result, and the final score differential. Game location and opponent ranking were found to have no effect on team-wide absolute or relative external workloads, whereas game result and score differential did. Internal workloads across the team tended to only vary by game half, independent of game context; however, the HR of defenders was determined to be higher during losses as compared to wins (p = 0.0256). Notably, the games that resulted in losses also represented the games with the fewest number of substitutions. These findings suggest high value in monitoring performance and workloads that are characteristic of varying, often multifaceted, contexts. It is hoped that this information can lead to more informed approaches to vital game-time and coaching decisions.