Reducing the Cost of Being the Boss: Authentic Leadership Suppresses the Effect of Role Stereotype Conflict on Antisocial Behaviors in Leaders and Entrepreneurs

What drives entrepreneurs to engage in antisocial economic behaviors? Without dismissing entrepreneurs’ agency in their decision-making processes, our study aims to answer this question by proposing that antisocial economic behaviors are a dysfunctional coping mechanism to reduce the psychological tension that entrepreneurs face in their day-to-day activities. Further, given the overlap between the male gender role stereotype and both leader and entrepreneur role stereotypes, this psychological tension should be stronger in female entrepreneurs (or any person who identifies with the female gender role). We argue that besides the well-established female gender role – leader role incongruence, female entrepreneurs also suffer a female gender role – entrepreneur role incongruence. Thus, we predicted that men (or those identifying with the male gender role) or entrepreneurs (regardless of their gender identity) that embrace these roles stereotypes to an extreme, are more likely to engage in antisocial economic behaviors. In this context, the term antisocial economic behaviors refers to cheating or trying to harm competitors’ businesses. Finally, we predicted that embracing an authentic leadership style might mitigate this effect. We tested our predictions in two laboratory studies (Phase 1 and 2). For Phase 1 we recruited a sample of French Business school students (N = 82). For Phase 2 we recruited a sample of Costa Rican male and female entrepreneurs, using male and female managers as reference groups (N = 64). Our results show that authentic leadership reduced the likelihood of entrepreneurs and men of engaging in antisocial economic behaviors such as trying to harm one’s competition or seeking an unfair advantage.

Migrant Economic Behaviors: Causal Effects of Health Education on Saving Rates, Social Medical Insurance, and House Purchasing

BackgroundsHealth China as the essentials policy with advancing Global Health, contributing to decline the inequality between rural and urban health education, and recovering the domestic markets after Coronavirus. The goal of this study is to evaluate the economic returns on health educations in a developing country. MethodsWe combine life cycle mechanisms and safety beliefs to evaluate continuous values of health education from 720,900 migrants’ economic behaviors through the ERM model, average treatment effects, and heterogeneous treatment effects robust empirically approach.ResultsWe find that health education positively affects participation in social medical insurance and house purchasing. In contrast, the relationship between health education and saving rates is an inverted ‘U’ shape. Heterogeneous treatment effect empirically robust account for heterogeneity in the previous generation and young generation; urban citizenship and rural citizenship continuous effects of health education. ConclusionThe finding suggests that health education stimulates immigrant consumption behaviors; however, extra health education is not a wise policy. Rural-urban citizenship acquisition bias is a significant factor of health education effects differential.JEL CLASSIFICATIONI15; D14; R23

Sensitivity to Sunk Costs Depends on Attention to the Delay

In the WebSurf task, humans forage for videos paying costs in terms of wait times on a time-limited task. A variant of the task in which demands during the wait time were manipulated revealed the role of attention in susceptibility to sunk costs. Consistent with parallel tasks in rodents, previous studies have found that humans (undergraduates measured in lab) preferred shorter delays, but waited longer for more preferred videos, suggesting that they were treating the delays economically. In an Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) sample, we replicated these predicted economic behaviors for a majority of participants. In the lab, participants showed susceptibility to sunk costs in this task, basing their decisions in part on time they have already waited, which we also observed in the subset of the mTurk sample that behaved economically. In another version of the task, we added an attention check to the wait phase of the delay. While that attention check further increased the proportion of subjects with predicted economic behaviors, it also removed the susceptibility to sunk costs. These findings have important implications for understanding how cognitive processes, such as the deployment of attention, are key to driving re-evaluation and susceptibility to sunk costs.

Climate Variations, Culture, and Economic Behaviors by Chinese Households

Societies adapt to climate variation and develop unique cultures that lead to distinctive economic behaviors across different regions. To estimate the climate-economic link and test the hypothetical role of culture, this paper uses a nationwide survey at the household level in China, together with historical temperature data at the prefectural city level for empirical analysis. The results show the significant role of local climate variation on consumption, savings, and investment decisions by households. Harsh weather conditions are associated with lower consumption, lower income, and higher savings. It is also associated with a lower probability of purchasing risky financial assets. Using a sample of migrating families, we find strong evidence that culture is an important channel in the climate-economic relationship. Additional support for this view is found through the ‘catching up with the Joneses’ effect documented in the economics literature. Overall, this research provides an alternative perspective for understanding the long-run behavioral impact of climate change.

A political–economic explanation of “internet space”

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to define the Internet as a virtual space supported by technologies and presented in the form of socioeconomic relations from the perspective of political economy. The Internet space is a unique virtual commodity different from ordinary commodities and has the following effect characteristics: super replicability, space- and time-transcendence, open-source shareability and reality–virtuality transformation.Design/methodology/approachInternet space can also be imagined as a piece of virtual land. Internet space can be deemed as a piece of virtual land and its value can be divided into labor value and virtual value. The pricing model of virtual value is mainly determined by the gain and discount rate and this value comes from the transfer and markup of social value. In the context of the Internet Plus era, Internet space has become an essential economic factor that influences human economic activities.FindingsTherefore, it is of practical significance and theoretical value to introduce Internet space as an economic variable into the framework of economic theory. The realistic logic of Internet space is to influence human economic behaviors with the combination of information binding.Originality/valueThe theoretical mechanism is to have an impact on the micro-market price by changing market relations from two-dimensional to three-dimensional. Its path to functioning at the macro level is to influence economic behaviors by changing the expectations of investment and consumption, resulting in new economic trends.

Prinsip-Prinsip Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Perspektif Al Qur’an

<p>Becoming a challenge for every country and society, poverty is a problem that must be overcome. In Islam, it is also viewed as a disease that must be cured. One of the effective instruments of poverty alleviation is community empowerment. Community empowerment is methods used by individuals, groups and communities so they are able to manage the environment, achieve their own goals, work and help each other to maximize their quality of life. In the Qur'an there are many verses that speak about theme of community empowerment. This paper discusses community empowerment according to the Qur'anic perspective using thematic interpretation methods. The principles of community empowerment in the Qur'an are the principle of <em>ukhuwwah</em>, <em>ta'awun</em> principle, and the principle of equality. The steps of empowerment as mentioned in the Qur'an include continuous self-development, encouraging zakat and infaq programs, conducting training and skills education for the community, and avoiding economic behaviors prohibited by Islam such as hoarding and monopoly (<em>ihtikar</em>).</p><p>***</p><p>Kemiskinan merupakan masalah yang harus diatasi dan menjadi tantangan bagi setiap negara dan masyarakat. Islam juga memandang kemiskinan sebagai penyakit yang harus disembuhkan. Karena kemiskinan dekat dengan kekufuran. Salah satu instrumen pengentasan kemiskinan yang efektif adalah dengan melakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat. Yang dimaksud dengan pemberdayaan masyarakat adalah cara dan metode yang digunakan individu, kelompok dan komunitas sehingga mereka menjadi mampu mengelola lingkungan dan mencapai tujuan mereka sendiri, dan dengan demikian mampu bekerja dan membantu satu sama lain untuk memaksimalkan kualitas hidup mereka. Dalam Al Quran terdapat banyak ayat yang membicarakan tema pemberdayaan masyarakat. Tulisan ini membahas pemberdayaan masyarakat menurut perspektif Al Qur’an dengan menggunakan metode penafsiran tematik. Prinsip-prinsip pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam Al Quran yaitu prinsip <em>ukhuwwah</em>, prinsip <em>ta’awun, </em>dan prinsip persamaan derajat. Langkah-langkah pemberdayaan sebagaimana disebutkan Al Qur’an antara lain pengembangan diri yang kontinyu, mendorong program zakat dan infaq, melakukan pembinaan dan pendidikan ketrampilan bagi masyarakat, dan tidak melakukan perilaku ekonomi yang dilarang oleh agama seperti menimbun harta (<em>hoarding</em>) dan monopoli (<em>ihtikar</em>)</p>

ATTENet: Detecting and Explaining Suspicious Tax Evasion Groups

In this demonstration, we present ATTENet, a novel visual analytic system for detecting and explaining suspicious affiliated-transaction-based tax evasion (ATTE) groups. First, the system constructs a taxpayer interest interacted network, which contains economic behaviors and social relationships between taxpayers. Then, the system combines basic features and structure features of each group in the network with network embedding method structure2Vec, and then detects suspicious ATTE groups with random forest algorithm. Last, to explore and explain the detection results, the system provides an ATTENet visualization with three coordinated views and interactive tools. We demonstrate ATTENet on a non-confidential dataset which contains two years of real tax data obtained by our cooperative tax authorities to verify the usefulness of our system.

The Riddle of Usury

This chapter argues that Étienne Cleirac's words locate him at an important and little understood historical junction, when the late medieval habit of treating money and the economy as part of the moral and theological universe intersected with the emerging “science of commerce.” This literature assigned multifarious meanings to the word usury. Church doctrines about usury were neither uniform nor uncontested. The most salient phase in these debates occurred in the sixteenth century, when Catholic theologians devised new and subtle arguments about the legitimacy of various financial contracts, including marine insurance and bills of exchange, in order to control but not hamper the expansion of European commercial society. By the eighteenth century, writers of the ars mercatoria (writings on commerce and economy) treated the term usury as a placeholder for all sorts of unsavory economic behaviors, and because of the enduring influence of an earlier discourse, they often assumed that Jews personified such behaviors.