ISOLATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN FROM NONCONVENTIONAL NATU-RAL RAW MATERIALS

Obtaining and studying the functional properties and determining the subsequent purpose in the practical use of pectin substances requires a thorough study of physical and chemical characteristics of the polysaccharide. By using the acidic hydrolysis method, pectic polysaccharides were isolated from nonconventional raw materials of natural origins - basidial fungus mushrooms Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Inonotus hispidus, Polýporus squamosus. The polysaccharides isolated were characterized: such as content of free and etherifying carboxyl groups, total -СООН groups, -ОСН3 groups, degree of etherification and by data of the IR-spectroscopy. The pectic polysaccharides isolated in identical conditions from the basidial mushrooms were powders with colors from light yellow to is light-brown by the appearance, possess sub-acidic taste, have no extraneous smack and a smell. The pectin from Inonotus hispidus was much lighter than other pectins (Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Polýporus squamosus). The pectin’s isolated were similar to the apple pectin by the organoleptic properties. They can classified as averagely etherified pectins regarding the degree etherification. Etherification degree of the studied pectins was in the range of 50.00–66.67%. The methoxyl groups were ranged between 8.47–11.43%. Content of free carboxylic groups in the range of 2.25–5.40%.

Root Rot of Codonopsis tangshen Caused by Ilyonectria robusta In Chongqing, China

Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. belongs to the Campanulaceae, it is one of the most important economically medicinal materials in China.Which is used in medical and agricultural applications (Wu Q N, et al. 2020). In August 2019, root rot of C. tangshen was firstly observed in Fengjie, Chongqing city, southwest China (30°45′ 59″ N; 109°36′36″ E; ), causing approximately 20% yield loss. At the initial stage of the disease, the above-ground stems and leaves turn yellow, and brown to black spots of different sizes appear at the base or root of the stem. With the further development of the disease, the above-ground leaves gradually turn yellow as the diseased spots rot from bottom to top, so that they die, and the diseased spots on the roots expand and begin to rot. Generally, they gradually rot from the bottom up, but the vascular bundles are occasionally normal. If the symptoms of C.tangshen started too late, and the root has not completely rotted by late autumn (late October to early November), the rest part of C.tangshen root will not continue to rot, and it is called half C.tangshen. In the next spring, the halfC. tangshen can continue to sprout, but it will continue to rot, which will seriously affect the yield and quality. In order to identify the pathogen, 25 samples of diseased plants were collected and symptomatic rhizome tissues were surface disinfected with 0.1% HgCl2 solution for 30s, rinsed in sterilized water 3 times, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25℃±1°C in the dark. On the PDA, after seven days of culture, the center appeared light yellow, the edges were white, and the aerial hyphae were felt-like. The surface of the colony was reddish-brown and the margins were white and regular. The conidiophores were simple, usually born on the lateral or apical sides of aerial mycelium, unbranched, or minimally branched. Conidia were abundant, cylindrical, or rod-shaped, straight or slightly curved, usually with 1–3 septa. Macroconidia varied in size depending on the number of cells as follows: one-septate 15.3–26.3×4.2–7.3 μm（n=50）μm, two-septate 20.5-30.5×4.9-7.8μm (n=50), and three-septate 29.3–38.5×5.5–7.4 μm (n=50), round at both ends. For molecular identification, DNA was extracted from a representative isolate using a fungus genomic DNA extraction kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS)(ITS1/ITS4, White, et al. 1990), beta-tubulin (TUB2)(BT2A/BT2B, O’Donnell and Cigelnik 1997), translation elongation factor 1-a (TEF) （ EF446F/EF1035R, Inderbitzin et al. 2005), DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II gene(RPB2, O'Donnell K., et al. 2010 ) and histone H3(HIS3) (CYLH3F/CYLH3R, Crous, et al. 2004b) were amplified. BLAST results indicated that the ITS, TUB2, TEF, HIS3, and RPB2 sequences (GenBank MW392103, MW386994, MW386995 MW392103, and MW915473) showed 96% to 100% identity with Ilyonectria robusta sequences at NCBI (GenBank KU350726, JF335378, MN833103, MN833113, KM232336). The phylogenetic tree was inferred from the combined datasets (ITS, TEF1, TUB, and HIS3) from members of the I. robusta species complex analyzed in this study (Cabral et al. 2012 ). To complete Koch's postulates, a conidial suspension (106 spores/ml) collected from isolate CQ13 was irrigated onto fifteen annual C.tangshen potted plants. Sterile water was used as a negative control, and the pathogenicity assay was repeated three times. Following inoculation, the plants were cultured for 9 days at 75% relative humidity and 25 ℃. The inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those observed in the field. In contrast, the negative control plants were healthy and unaffected. I. robusta was re-isolated from the infected tissues and identified by morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of I. robusta causing root rot disease of C.tangshen in China. Our results may help to take appropriate steps to control the disease in the commercial area of C.tangshen. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Espírito Santo state, Brazil

Based on material collected during the past 10 years in the State of Espírito Santo and adjacent areas in Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, we identified three species of the genus Thraulodes: T. itatiajanus Traver & Edmunds, for which we present new records and description of the female imago; T. luisae Souto, Da-Silva & Nessimian, first recorded for the state and for which we describe the nymphal stage; and T. alegre sp. nov., described based on male and female imago. The main diagnostic characteristics of the new species are: color of abdominal terga I–VI whitish translucent, terga II–VI with subrectangular dark brown mark near posterior margin and with midway spot; styliger plate triangular and whitish; penes light yellow, with lateral pouch and penes spines long and tapered, with robust bases.

Vibrio ulleungensis sp. nov., isolated from Mytilus coruscus

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile via polar flagellum, facultatively aerobic, light-yellow, bacterium (designated 188UL20-2T) was isolated from a mussel sample of Mytilus coruscus collected on Ulleung Island, Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results, strain 188UL20-2T clustered with species of the genus Vibrio and appeared closely related to Vibrio marisflavi DSM 23086T (96.59%), Vibrio variabilis DSM 26147T (96.57%), Vibrio penaeicida DSM 14398T (96.37%) and Vibrio litoralis DSM 17657T (95.97%). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain 188UL20-2T and its closest related strain were 71.3 and 16.4%, indicating that 188UL20-2T represents a novel species of the genus Vibrio . Growth occurred at 18–37 °C on MA medium in the presence of 1–4% NaCl (w/v) and at pH 5.0–10.0. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 45.4 mol%, and ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids (>5%) were C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c (summed feature 3), C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c (summed feature 8), C16:0, C16:0 iso, C14:0, C14:0 iso and C12:0. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, unidentified aminophospholipid, unidentified glycolipid and seven unidentified lipids. Physiological and biochemical characteristics indicated that strain 188UL20-2T represents a novel species of the genus Vibrio , for which the name Vibrio ulleungensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 188UL20-2T (=KACC 22258T=LMG 32202T).

The Relationship of Pharmaceutical Service Quality with Outpatient Satisfaction in Internal Medicine Polyclinic

It is a direct and responsible service to patients in the pharmaceutical field, which aims to enhance the quality of life of patients by attaining certain goals. Satisfaction is a result of how people perceive their own and others' performances. The performance of the health services received by new patients will be pleased if it meets or surpasses their expectations, and patient disappointment or discontent will develop if the performance of the health services received does not meet their expectations. The purpose of this research was to find out whether there was a link between patient satisfaction at H. Adam Malik Hospital and the quality of the pharmaceutical services provided. Researchers at Medan's Haji Adam Malik Hospital used cross-sectional survey analysis to examine the link between the independent and dependent variables, namely, the quality of pharmaceutical services provided and patient satisfaction. Aromatherapy wind oil preparations using small white ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) concentrations of 4%, 5%, and 6% meet the criteria, the organoleptic test is a light yellow, clear liquid, had a distinctive smell and felt warm, homogeneity, the wind oil pH test is 6, the irritation test was non-existent, and the hedonic test was successful. Outpatient satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at H. Adam Malik Hospital Medan was shown to be associated with the quality of pharmaceutical services, according to the study's findings.

Evaluation of honey as a dessert in hotel and restaurant complexes

The article presents the results of research of honey as a dessert in hotel and restaurant complexes of Bila Tserkva region. The analysis of researched samples of honey with the use of laboratory researches which were carried out in the conditions of scientific laboratory of chair of safety and quality of foodstuff, raw materials and technological processes of Bila Tserkva national agrarian university is carried out. The research was conducted in accordance with the national standard of Ukraine DSTU 4497. according to generally accepted methods. Color, taste, aroma, consistency, crystallization, signs of fermentation were determined organoleptically using the sensory method of analysis of honey. It was found that in all samples the color of honey was from light yellow to yellow, with a pleasant taste and aroma, without signs of fermentation and the content of mechanical and other impurities. The diastasis number of honey samples used by hotel and restaurant complexes is 14, 10 and 8 units, respectively. Goethe, which indicates the heating of part of the honey. Thus, the results of research have shown that honey, which is used in hotel and restaurant complexes of Bila Tserkva region as a dessert in terms of organoleptic indicators, meets the requirements of the national state standard.

Petrology, Geochemical Characteristics, Tectonic Setting, and Implications for Chromite and PGE Mineralization of the Hongshishan Alaskan-Type Complex in the Beishan Orogenic Collage, North West China

The Hongshishan mafic-ultramafic complex is situated in the north of the Beishan orogenic collage and the southern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. This paper outlines the petrological, geochemical, and mineralogical data of the Hongshishan ultramafic–mafic complex in the Beishan orogenic collage to constrain its tectonic setting and mineralization. The lithological units of the complex include dunite, clinopyroxene peridotite, pyroxenite, and gabbro. The complex showed concentric zonation, from clinopyroxene peridotite and dunite in the core to pyroxenite and gabbro in the margin. These ultramafic–mafic rocks are characterized by cumulate and layering textures. Field observations, petrography, and significant elemental composition variation, a decreasing sequence of ferromagnesian minerals (Mg#), olivine Fo, and spinel Cr#, all show fractional crystallization trends from dunites through clinopyroxene peridotite and pyroxenite, to gabbros. There are systematic trends among the primary oxides, e.g., CaO, TiO2, and Al2O3, with MgO, suggesting a fractional crystallization trend. SiO2 and Al2O3 increased, which coupled with decreasing MgO, suggested olivine fractionation. The negative correlations of CaO and Al2O3 with MgO meant the accumulation of spinel and mafic minerals. The compositions of olivines from the dunite and clinopyroxene peridotite in the Hongshishan plot within the Alaskan Global trend fields displayed a typical fractional crystallization trend similar to olivines in an Alaskan-type complex. The clinopyroxenes in the clinopyroxene peridotite primarily occur as a diopside and appear in the field of an Alaskan-type complex. The absence of orthopyroxene, less hydrous, and free of fluid inclusions in the chrome spinels means the absence of a magmatic origin of chromite-bearing peridotites in hydrous parental melts or scarce hydrous melts. Serpentinization, carbonatization, subduction modification, and enrichment may account for the LILE-enrichment and HFSE-depletion of peridotite rocks. Negative Eu anomalies and REE fractionations of mafic-ultramafic rocks may not be directly attributed to crustal assimilation. Petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics indicated the Hongshishan complex is not the member compositions of a typical ophiolite. However, it displays many similarities to Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic intrusions related to subduction or arc magmas setting at ∼366.1 Ma and suffered subduction modification and enrichment. The Hongshishan complex is a unique Ir-Ru-rich chromite deposit in the southern margin of the Altaids orogenic belt. Chromites occur primarily in light yellow dunites, with banded, lenticular, veined, thin-bedded, and brecciated textures. Part of the chromite enrichment in IPGE (Os, Ir, Ru) and the chondrite-normalized spider diagram of PGE showed steep right-facing sloped patterns similar to those of the PGE-rich ophiolitic chromites.

Characterization of the morphology and complete mitochondrial genomes of Eupteryx minusula and Eupteryx gracilirama (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) from Karst area, Southwest China

Background The hemipteran insect family Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) includes >2,600 valid genera and >22,000 valid species worldwide, including >2,000 species in China. Typhlocybinae, second largest subfamilies of Cicadellidae, is widely distributed in the six major zoogeographic regions of the world, including >4,000 species worldwide and >1,000 species in China. Previously, morphological analysis are often effective to the way of taxonomy, but it did not combine with molecular biology. Therefore, morphology and mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two leafhopper species, Eupteryx (Eupteryx) minuscula Lindberg, 1929 and Eupteryx (Stacla) gracilirama Hou, Zhang & Huang, 2016 were studied and analyzed. This study analyzed the morphological and molecular characteristics of the two leafhoppers, and showed whether the results of the two identifications were consistent. Methods Based on the method of comparison, mitogenomes and morphology were analyzed to prove the relationship between the two leafhoppers. Results Although two focal species are classified in two different subgenera of the same genus, they still share many morphological features, such as the moderately produced crown fore margin; the milky yellow apical part of scutellum; the pronotum, basal triangles of scutellum, and forewing are dark with several colorless patches on the surface; the light yellow face, without any spots or stripes, and so on. The circular mitogenomes are 16,944 bp long in E. minuscula (GenBank: MN910279) and 17,173 bp long in E. gracilirama (GenBank: MT594485). All of the protein-coding genes are starting with ATN, except for some in mitogenome, which has a single T or TAN as a stop codon. All tRNAs have the typical cloverleaf-shaped structure except for trnS1 (AGN) (E. minuscula) which has a reduced DHU arm. Moreover, these two mitogenomes have trnR with an unpaired base in the acceptor stem. The phylogenetic relationships between E. minuscula and E. gracilirama in respect to related lineages were reconstructed using Maximum likelihood and Maximum parsimony analyses. Discussion The result showed that the tribe Typhlocybini is a sister to the tribes Erythroneurini and Empoascini, and five genera, Bolanusoides, Typhlocyba, Eupteryx, Zyginella and Limassolla are forming a single clade. E. minuscula and E. gracilirama are clustered together, supporting the monophyly of the genus Eupteryx. The above conclusions are consistent with the traditional classification of the subfamily.

Development of Licorice Flavonoids Loaded Microemulsion for Transdermal Delivery Using CCD-Optimal Experimental Approach: Formulation Development and Characterization

In this research, we sought to surmount the poor dissolvability and transdermal absorption rate of licorice flavonoids (LFs) by fabricating a LFs microemulsion. LFs content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Initial studies such as dissolution testing, emulsification testing, and pseudo ternary phase diagram generation were implemented for screening components and optimized adopting the central composite design. While the tested responses were solubility, droplet size and PDI, thirteen trials were performed using two different variables, oil percentage and optimized emulsifier and co-emulsifier ratio. Microemulsions were then characterized for droplet size, PDI, transmission electron microscopy, viscosity, electrical conductivity, pH, entrapment efficiency, drug content and stability. Additionally, skin release profile, percutaneous absorption and retention were investigated adopting Franz diffusion cell. The optimal formulation was found to compose of laureth-9 (emulsifier, 6.72 g), propylene glycol (co-emulsifier, 1.80 g), isopropyl myristate (IPM, oil, 1.48 g), LFs (1.50 g) and at least more than 85% deionized water. The optimized and storage for 3 months of microemulsion was found to clear, light yellow color without phase separation or precipitation indicated the stability of the preparation to long-term placement. The mean droplet size, PDI, entrapment efficiency and drug content were discovered as 12.68 ± 0.12 nm, 0.049 ± 0.005, 97.28 ± 0.13% and 122.67 ± 0.40 mg·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal formulation sustained release LFs, remarkably deliver more LFs through the skin layer (644.95 ± 6.73 μg cm−2) and significantly retained LFs in the skin layer (9.98 μg cm−2). The study concluded that optimized microemulsion has potential and enhanced the dissolvability and cumulative penetration amount of LFs.